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Movimiento orbital de Venus vista desde la tierra y sus puntos sagrados de las tradiciones indígenas. Se usan para relacionarlos con la Rueda Sagrada y realizar un calendario.
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People mess things up as they don't do homework correctly.
First this: Sothis=Tishtrya
It might be of interest to quote Plutarch's brief description, from Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism) sources, of the God Ahura-mazda (who is Jupiter). In "Isis and Osiris," (AD 200) he writes..
"Then Oromazes [Ahura-mazda, Jupiter] enlarged himself to thrice his former size, and removed himself as far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from the Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars."
"One star he set there before all others as a guardian and watchman, the Dog-star [Venus]."
The comment about 'distance' suggests that eventually Jupiter's coma was the visual size of the Sun or Moon, subtending 1/2 degree in diameter. At the distance of 5.2 AU, the final location of Jupiter, the coma can be estimated at 3.5 million miles in diameter.
The "Dog-star" mentioned in the quoted text above is translated from Greek use of the Egyptian word "Sothis," which was used both for the star Sirius (the Dog Star) and the planet Venus, and meant something like "bright" or "shining."
In Egyptian it takes the masculine form for Sirius and feminine for Venus, the difference being an ending d or t. The Greeks didn't differentiate, or didn't care. There is the additional confusion in the practice in antiquity of appointing stars as the 'spirits' of the planets, like every person (in Egypt) would be stellated after death. Sirius was the brightest star and Venus was the brightest planet. Sirius was 'the star of Venus.'
The word "Dog-star" is used in the English translation of Plutarch, who used "Sothis" as a translation of "Tishtrya" from his source, the Zoroastrian Zend-Avesta scriptures. "Tishtrya" could also be translated as "shining." "Tishtrya" is Venus.
As noted above by Plutarch, the planet Venus remained after the battle to course across the sky. In antiquity Venus is variously called Neith, Isis, Hathor, Athena, Inanna, and other names, and is often identified as a warrior goddess.
After 3147 BC, Venus circled the Sun as a planet, and for the next 2500 years displayed a gigantic plasma tail, stretching some 30 or 50 million miles away from the Sun. Because Venus is an inner planet, the full extent of its plasma tail would be seen from the vantage point of Earth most of the time. Today the tail has dropped to dark mode. Today Venus also still shows its youth by its excessive heat radiating away, continuously erupting volcanoes, continuous lightning strikes, and curious sparsity of craters.
Venus was alternately represented as a charmer and a terror. That she remained venerated, despite occasional destructive near-approaches with Earth, is probably due to the fact that Venus was the most spectacular object in the sky between 3100 BC and 685 BC, an image intermittently reinforced by being seen at various distances and various parts of the sky and drawing closer every two years or so. She must have been seen as everyone's friend and companion throughout life. In Babylonian (Chaldean) records Venus is not recognized as a 'planet' until after 600 BC, as also in Hindu records.
The cycle of sothis:
After 1,460 solar years the `hands' stood at their original places. This unit of 1,460 years is the Egyptian Sothis' year and belongs not only to the god Seth-Sirius, but much more to the goddess Sothis. And this goddess was no other than ... Venus herself.
But that is years but as always there is more much more and this is what I was talking about:
"The space of time between the first appearance of the planet Venus and its reappearance at the same place is exactly 1,460 days, i.e. four solar years, which was the calendar used in antiquity by the Greeks to measure the Olympiades (and also is the time interval between the modern Olympic Games).
"But after 1,460 days Venus becomes the Morning star if it was the Evening star at the beginning of the four years, and vice versa."
Capice?
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29:13 · The pentagram within a circle. This ideogram has no meaning by itself. A filled version of the sign with a small circle in it,  is used as a symbol of war in the United States and has been used on tanks and fighter planes. This sign can be called a construction-iconic symbol for the planet Venus. This planet is the only one in our system that can clearly be identified with a simple graphic structure unambiguously derived from a plotting of its astronomical movements in space. As the orbit of  , Venus, is closer to the sun than is the earth's, it is never seen more than 48 degrees from . This means that is visible as the Morning star or Evening star in the immediate vicinity of . Thus Venus can only be seen from earth just before sunrise in the morning or just after sunset in the evening. During a period of 247 days is visible as the Evening star. Then Venus comes too close to the sun to be visible from earth. Venus remains invisible for 14 days, to reappear as the Morning star, Phosphoros, Lucifer, the Bringer of Light, the Eastern star, , immediately before the sun rises in the east. For 245 days we can see each morning at dawn before it again disappears into the sun's light by getting too close to the sun. The planet is now invisible for 78 days. On the 79th evening it appears once again in the west immediately after the setting of . Venus is now the Evening star, Hesperos, Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty, fertility, sex, and peace.
If one knows the ecliptic (see  in Group 38 and can pinpoint the present position of the planets in relation to the constellations of fixed stars in the zodiac (see  in Group 35), it is possible to mark the exact place in the 360 degrees of the zodiac where the Morning star first appears shortly before sunrise after a period of invisibility. If we do this, wait for the Morning star to appear again 584 days later (the synodic orbital time of ) mark its position in the zodiac, and then repeat this process until we note back on point one again (six notations on five different positions in the zodiac) as the Morning star, we will find that exactly eight years have passed. If we then draw a line from the first point marked to the second point marked, then to the third, and so on, we end up with a regular pentacle or pentagram.
The following lines are taken from Zehren (see "An annotated bibliography" in Part III): "It was only the planet Venus that possessed the fivepointed star sign. Not one of the innumerable stars above us can by its orbit form this sign ...
"Moreover, the points of the pentagram pointed to five different groups of stars or constellations which were easy to remember; each had a given name ... It was only later discovered that the five points moved slowly throughout the vault of heaven as if they were hands of a giant clock ... Over a period of four years each point of the pentagram was displaced one day, a 365th part of the zodiac circle ... After 1,460 solar years the 'hands' stood at their original places. This unit of 1,460 years is the Egyptian Sothis' year and belongs not only to the god Seth-Sirius, but much more to the goddess Sothis. And this goddess was no other than ... Venus herself.
"The space of time between the first appearance of the planet Venus and its reappearance at the same place is exactly 1,460 days, i.e. four solar years, which was the calendar used in antiquity by the Greeks to measure the Olympiades (and also is the time interval between the modern Olympic Games).
"But after 1,460 days Venus becomes the Morning star if it was the Evening star at the beginning of the four years, and vice versa."
The pentagon,  (see Group 28), can also be produced by the above procedure, with the difference that one takes into account Venus' first appearance irrespective of whether it is the Morning or the Evening star. Among those peoples who do not know that the two appearances represent one planet, we thus get two gods or divine powers, both related to the number 8 in two ways. First is visible in one of its two appearances during a period of 245 or 247 days, which is equivalent to eight cycles of the moon. It was possible to see the brightest star in the heavens together with the new moon (or waning moon) eight times before it eventually was "swallowed by the sun", i.e. made invisible by the sun's light. Later, when those peoples had learned to draw a map of the ecliptic (called the zodiac), it became possible to draw  , and then each of the two divinities got another close association to the number 8: it took eight years for as one of the two gods to complete a full cycle of the zodiac and return to its initial starting point.
It was only when humans realized that the Morning star and the Evening star were the same planet that the pentagon, , and the four-year period could be linked to .
The Akkadians were the first to realize this. Inanna, the Sumerian queen of the heavens and the daughter of the moon for the Semitic Akkadians became the contradictory Ischtar. Still the queen of the heavens, Ischtar (Astarte) was the holy virgin but also "she who accomodates men", the goddess of battle and war, but also the goddess of beauty, peace and sex.
Three were the highest divinities in the EuphratesTigris region. Their symbols can be seen in almost every ancient mythological representation. They are  , the sun god;  , the moon god; and  , Inanna, Ischtar, Astarte.
Yet despite the fact that the true nature of had been discovered and established in the Euphrates-Tigris region, the barbaric priests and medicine men of the Greek tribes continued to believe that the Morning and Evening stars were two separate entities. When the people in Greece developped more of a civilization the differences between the corresponding two divinities became more accentuated than in other cultures. With the overall development of their civilization these differences crystallized into Athena, the Morning goddess of hunt and battle, and Aphrodite, the Evening goddess of love and beauty. It was not until about 400 B.C. (some 1,500 years after the Sumerians) that the Greeks discovered the unity of and  . Diogenes Laertius writes: "... and it is believed that he [Parmenides, 400 B.C.] realized, as the first, that the Evening and Morning stars were one and the same star, which Favorinus relates to us in his fifth book of 'Worthwhile thoughts'. Others claim that it was Pythagoras."
Throughout history we find that one of Venus' two aspects has always been overemphasized, and this has occurred in nearly all cultural spheres. The planet as goddess of hunt, battle, and the new day is symbolized by the sign for the waning moon, "the dying snake", , plus the construction-iconic ideogram for Venus, , that is  . (From the Middle Ages and up to modern times Venus as the Morning star and goddess of battle was represented in the Near East by the eightpointed star or eight-petalled flower, as in  .)
No comparable graphic symbol for as the Evening star goddess, embodying the divine qualities of beauty, peace, lovemaking, and sexual pleasures, seems ever to have existed. If we return to the Euphrates-Tigris region we find that Ischtar, the goddess of war, fertility, and sexuality, somewhere between 2000 and 1000 B.C. began to be symbolized by the sign , in which one fourpointed star structure is overlapping another. The Morning and Evening stars were thereby graphically united, which most probably meant that in the existing body of astronomical knowledge both stars were then known to be appearances of the same heavenly body. As far as the Greeks are concerned, even after they had realized that there was only one planet they continued to overemphasize one of its appearances. It was Athena, the goddess of war and special divinity of the warmongering and slave-holding Athens, who predominated at the cost of Aphrodite. In the later Odyssey, Aphrodite is hardly mentioned. It has continued in this vein. The planet as the Morning star, , has given us the symbol of war par preference:  . The other ancient Venus symbol, the rosette with eight petals, , is rarely seen. And the combination  , which would have represented the planet as Aphrodite, the Evening star, together with the young bull, the new moon, is neither seen in Western nor in Eastern ideography.
Last, we should mention that  , , and all represented a divinity of fertility and not only a goddess of war and of sexual pleasures. The most illustrative symbol for this particular aspect of the Venus goddess must be a young woman with her child. When a new, domineering and expansive ideology like the Christian faith discovers that it cannot wipe out an ancient and wellestablished mythological structure, almost as impossible to get rid of as is the brightest star in the sky of planet Earth, it can adopt this structure ("if you can't beat them, join them") and attempt to change it by giving the symbol new meanings. This is only partially possible, though. The new ideological establishment can try to emphasize and encourage those elements that agree with the new ideology, and at the same time suppress those that do not. The ardent advocates of the Christian ideology thus approved of fertility, but disapproved of its relation to sexual pleasures and tried to suppress this aspect of fertility. As a result we still have, after 2,000 years of ideological domination by the Christian faith, a holy female god, an Inanna, a goddess of fertility, albeit a very strange one, a fertility goddess who has managed to bear the best earthly fruit of all a human child without having engaged in un-Christian lustful and lecherous sexual activities with a man of flesh and blood. The Morning and Evening star goddess continues to be a central role player in the mythology and lives of the peoples around the Mediterranean, but as the chaste Virgin Mary, a goddess in an ideology that emphasizes suffering, warfare, death, and martyrdom much more than intimate sexual relations, sensuality, and love between men and women. These 2,000 years have been characterized by the conflict between high but often stupid ideals and a hateful practice; by the conflict between the two fish bound together and forever trying to swim in different directions, ; by the sign of Pisces; by Jesus. From this comes the whore and madonna-complex and the worship of the virgin vulva,  (see Group 44) which, instead of being a symbol for fertility and lecherous intimacy and pleasure, has been turned into a symbol for a man living without sexual relations, Jesus; for torture, for the degradation of one human by another, for the crucifixion of the son of the Venus goddess. What, then, will happen in the new Aquarian Age? Will the two fish forever trying the impossible fade away? Will the  aspect of finally be pushed into the background? Will regain its original meaning, and the aspect of dominate from now on? The author of this work is happy to state that in spite of the recurring outbursts of collective insanity in the backyards of the global village this, in fact, is how it looks today.
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Terms
1,460 Day Cycle
"The space of time between the first appearance of the planet Venus and its reappearance at the same place is exactly 1,460 days, i.e. four solar years, which was the calendar used in antiquity by the Greeks to measure the Olympiades (and also is the time interval between the modern Olympic Games).
"But after 1,460 days Venus becomes the Morning star if it was the Evening star at the beginning of the four years, and vice versa."
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Venus as a Morning Star, 2014
November 27, 2013 — Jeffrey L. Hunt
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Venus as a Morning Star, 2014
November 27, 2013 — Jeffrey L. Hunt
This appearance of Venus concluded October 15, 2014, when it passed superior conjunction and moved into the evening sky.
As in 2012, Venus is a brilliant Morning Star for most of 2014.
Venus makes an appearance in the morning sky, displaying its gleaming “Morning Star” brilliancy throughout most of 2014. Venus enters the eastern morning sky in late January 2014 after passing between Earth and Sun (inferior conjunction). (Click all images to see them larger.)
At inferior conjunction on January 11, 2014, Venus is a scant 24.8 million miles from our planet; that’s about 100 times the distance to the moon. Even though the three celestial bodies are aligned, the alignment is not perfect, as Venus is about 5 degrees north of the sun, rising 30 minutes before the sun at the conjunction. (See the chart below showing the difference between sunrise and Venus rise.)
Times are on the diagrams to show the times of noon and midnight. Additionally the morning side of the sky is distinguished from the evening planets. These times are referenced from our planet. Notice that we never see Venus in the midnight sky. (The midnight arrow never points at or goes through Venus.)
Venus at its greatest brilliancy, February 15, 2014.
Within a month as it rapidly moves higher in the eastern morning sky, Venus reaches its greatest brightness outshining all other starlike celestial objects on February 15.
Venus at greatest elongation West — March 22, 2014
In late March, Venus reaches its greatest angular separation from the sun, known as greatest elongation west. It is west of the sun, rising about 2 hours before the sun in the eastern sky. When facing the eastern predawn sky, Venus appears to the right of the growing daylight; that’s west of the sun, yet it appears in the eastern sky. Similar seemingly word trickery is used when Venus is an Evening Star.
The first image captured during Venus’ 2014 morning appearance as seen from the Chicago area.
Venus continues to shine in the eastern sky. The moon passes it 9 times. Venus passes several brighter stars and Jupiter. Venus rapidly moves from Earth, dimming, yet incredibly brilliant.
By early autumn it rises during bright twilight disappearing behind the sun for superior conjunction on October 25.
The chart above shows the difference between the rising times of the sun and Venus from data from the U.S. Naval Observatory. As noted above, even at conjunction Venus rises 30 minutes before the sun as it is north of the sun at this time. Notice how rapidly Venus moves into the evening sky as it reaches its greatest brightness. From its first appearance in late January to late April is rises before twilight begins. For the rest of its appearance it rises during twilight. Beginning in August, it rapidly moves toward the sun as it nears its superior conjunction.
This chart shows the rising point of Venus compared to the sunrise direction. Notice that Venus rises north of the sunrise point from its inferior conjunction until February 9. Until July 14, Venus rises south (to the right along the eastern horizon) from where the sun rises. After mid-July Venus again rises north (left along the eastern horizon) from where the sun rises until superior conjunction. (Data on the chart from the U.S. Naval Observatory.)
During the 2014 morning apparition, Venus appears in a part of the sky that has mainly faint stars. Below are some notable events of Venus as a Morning Star in 2014.
Appearances With Crescent Moon
Venus and the moon as seen on January 28, 2014 at 6:45 a.m. EST from Fairfield County, Ohio.
Venus appears in the southeast at 6:30 a.m. CST with the waning crescent moon nearby.
Venus shines during late twilight on February 25, 2014.
Venus and the Moon, February 26, 2014, separated by 4.3 degrees.
- March 27
- April 25
- May 25
- June 24
- July 24
Venus and the Moon on the morning of July 24, 2014.
- August 23
- September 23 (in bright twilight)
Appearances with Stars and Planets
- Mercury (19 degrees to lower left of Venus), March 14
- Aldebaran, July 1
- Mercury (7 degrees to the lower left of Venus), July 12
- Zeta Tauri, July 14
- Pollux, August 7
- Lined with Castor and Pollux, August 11
- Jupiter and Beehive star cluster, August 18
- Regulus, September 5
Please bookmark this page and return to it throughout the apparition as we chronicle Venus as a Morning Star with photos of the events.
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Los enlaces en color gris lo llevan a páginas en Inglés aún no traducidas al Español.
Esta gráfica muestra las órbitas de Mercurio y Venus dentro de la órbita de la Tierra, y la distancia máxima angular existente entre estos planetas y el Sol, vistos desde la Tierra.
Haz "click" en la imagen para una vista completa
Cortesía de NASA.
Los Planetas Más Internos Como Estrellas Brillantes
Venus y Mercurio, los planetas más internos del sistema solar, siempre aparecen en el cielo a una corta distancia del Sol.
Mercurio es tan pequeño y está tan cerca del Sol (siempre dentro de los 28 grados) que es muy difícil verlo desde la Tierra, ya que se pierde dentro del resplandor del Sol. Los planetas más internos se pueden ver a simple vista a la hora del crepúsculo, muy bajos en el cielo, cerca del horizonte.
Desde la Tierra, Venus puede aparecer a 47 grados de separación del Sol. Durante este tiempo, cuando se levanta o se pone unas horas antes o después del Sol, se le puede ver justo antes del amanecer o justo después de la puesta del Sol, como la estrella brillante de la mañana y la noche. En ese momento Venus es 15 veces más brillante que la estrella más brillante, Sirio, y hasta puede proyectar sombras.
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2. Ciclos de la estrella del alba.
Venus está más cerca del sol que la tierra, lo que significa que nunca puede estar en el lado opuesto al sol en el cielo. Si alguna vez se ve una estrella brillante elevándose al este después de la puesta de sol, no puede ser Venus, porque siempre está cerca del sol. Así Venus se conoce como la estrella vespertina y de la mañana porque estos son los únicos momentos en los que puede ser visto en el cielo oscuro. La ilustración muestra los puntos clave de la orbita de Venus, como son vistos desde la tierra, así que imagínese que tanto el sol como la tierra están estáticos en este diagrama, con Venus dando vueltas alrededor del sol en un periodo de 584 días.[8]
Cuando Venus se encuentra en la posición (1), es invisible, estando delante del sol. Entonces sale unos 4 días después en (2), cuando llega a tener un ángulo lo suficientemente grande con respecto al sol para ser apenas visible antes de la salida del sol, para desaparecer inmediatamente en la luz del sol. Venus entonces sale un poco más temprano cada mañana hasta que se convierte en un faro luminoso antes del siguiente punto (3), donde alcanza su ángulo máximo de más de 45º con respecto al sol. Continúa en una media de 263 días en total como estrella de la mañana, y luego desaparece en (4). Unos 50 días después sale en el punto (6) una muy tenue estrella vespertina, tenue porque se encuentra muy alejada de la tierra. Entonces dura otros 263 días, o casi nueve meses, como estrella vespertina antes de que desaparezca de nuevo en (8). A medida que se acerca a la tierra alcanza su máximo más brillante después de pasar el punto (7).
Después de desaparecer por el cielo al oeste, pasa alrededor de 8 días sin ser visible entre la tierra y el sol. Así, por tanto, el periodo total del ciclo tarde/mañana de la estrella es de 8 + 263 + 50 + 263 = 584 días.[9] La siguiente figura muestra como estos ciclos los vería un observador. El trazado real de Venus puede ser muy errático, a veces cambiando el rumbo de sur a norte. Parece ser en realidad un “errante,” lo cual es lo que literalmente significa la palabra “planeta.”
El misterio de como Venus se relaciona con la vida de Cristo se resuelve en las legendas de los indígenas americanos. La primera aparición de Venus como estrella de la mañana “fue probablemente el acontecimiento mas importante de la astronomía Maya […]” concluyó un astrónomo reputado, “poco nos puede sorprender que el tema de la muerte y la resurrección encuentre una expresión simbólica en la interacción de estos dos cuerpos” (el Sol y Venus).[10]
Sabiendo que la puesta de Venus como estrella de la tarde representa la muerte, nos permite adivinar el simbolismo de las otras fases orbitales. La salida de Venus como estrella vespertina podría bien representar el nacimiento, lo cual es especialmente apropiado porque sale muy tenue, como un recién nacido. Venus entonces lentamente crece hasta la “edad adulta,” pero cuando alcanza su punto mas resplandeciente, rápidamente se “hunde en la tierra,” tal como el Salvador murió durante la plenitud de su vida. El planeta entonces “resucita,” llegando a ser visible de nuevo al ojo experto. Esa fecha en el año 2001 coincidió con el domingo de Pascua, 15 de abril.
Los Mayas nos dieron la pauta para los cuatro puntos orbitales precisos que eran para ellos los mas importantes. Tres de los cuales eran el nacimiento, muerte y resurrección, lo cual encaja perfectamente con el ciclo real de Venus. El cuarto punto ha sido un misterio. Ocurre 90 días antes del nacimiento, en lugar de 50 tal como uno podría esperar si coincidiera con la puesta de la estrella de la mañana. Los investigadores concluyen que ese punto debe tener algún significado ritual.[11]
A causa del simbolismo de las otras tres fases, se propone que el cuarto punto representa el comienzo del ciclo de Venus. Se podría referir a él como “creación” y probablemente representa la concepción. El punto en el que unos cuarenta días después, cuando Venus desciende a la oscuridad es muy probable que represente el momento de la “encarnación,” cuando el espíritu entra en el cuerpo, que era un concepto muy importante para los amerindios. Estos puntos o fases están señalados en la Figura 2. Los indígenas americanos también identificaron un día cuando la Serpiente Emplumada “ascendió al trono como dios” el cual es probablemente el punto más cercano donde Venus llega al punto más resplandeciente como estrella de la mañana, pero los estudios no han identificado de forma fehaciente aún ese punto. << parte 4>>> |
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