María Eva Duarte de Perón (Spanish pronunciation:[maˈɾi.aˈeβaˈðwarteðepeˈɾon]; néeMaría Eva Duarte; 7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952), better known as just Eva Perón or by the nickname Evita (Spanish:[eˈβita]), was an Argentine politician, activist, actress, and philanthropist who served as First Lady of Argentina from June 1946 until her death in July 1952, as the wife of Argentine PresidentJuan Perón. She was born in poverty in the rural village of Los Toldos, in the Pampas, as the youngest of five children. In 1934, at the age of 15, she moved to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires to pursue a career as a stage, radio, and film actress. She became a central figure of Peronism and Argentine culture because of the Eva Perón Foundation, a charitable organization that had a huge impact in Argentine society.
She met Colonel Juan Perón on 22 January 1944 during a charity event at the Luna Park Stadium to benefit the victims of an earthquake in San Juan, Argentina. The two were married the following year. Juan Perón was elected President of Argentina in June 1946; during the next six years, Eva Perón became powerful within the pro-Peronist trade unions, primarily for speaking on behalf of labor rights. She also ran the Ministries of Labor and Health, founded and ran the charitable Eva Perón Foundation, championed women's suffrage in Argentina, and founded and ran the nation's first large-scale female political party, the Female Peronist Party.
In 1951, Eva Perón announced her candidacy for the Peronist nomination for the office of Vice President of Argentina, receiving great support from the Peronist political base, low-income and working-class Argentines who were referred to as descamisados or "shirtless ones" (similar to the term “sans-culottes” during the French Revolution). Opposition from the nation's military and bourgeoisie, coupled with her declining health, ultimately forced her to withdraw her candidacy.[1] In 1952, shortly before her death from cancer at 33, Eva Perón was given the title of "Spiritual Leader of the Nation of Argentina" by the Argentine Congress.[2][3][4] She was given a state funeral upon her death, a prerogative generally reserved for heads of state.
Eva's 1951 biography, La Razón de mi Vida,[8] contains no dates or references to childhood occurrences, and does not list the location of her birth or her name at birth.[9] According to Junín's civil registry, a birth certificate shows that one María Eva Duarte was born on May 7, 1919. Her baptismal certificate lists the date of birth as May 7, 1919 under the name Eva María Ibarguren.[10][11] It is thought that in 1945 the adult Eva Perón created a forgery of her birth certificate for her marriage.[12][page needed]
Eva Perón spent her childhood in Junín, Buenos Aires province. Her father, Juan Duarte,[13] was descended from French Basque immigrants. Her mother, Juana Ibarguren, was descended from Spanish Basque immigrants.[14] Juan Duarte, a wealthy rancher from nearby Chivilcoy, already had a wife and family there. At that time in rural Argentina, it was not uncommon for a wealthy man to have multiple families.[15]
When Eva was a year old, Duarte returned permanently to his legal family, leaving Juana Ibarguren and her children in abject poverty. They were forced to move to the poorest area of Junín. Los Toldos was a village in the dusty region of Las Pampas, with a reputation as a desolate place of poverty. To support herself and her children, Ibarguren sewed clothes for neighbors. The family was stigmatized by the abandonment of the father and by the illegitimate status of the children under Argentine law, and was consequently somewhat isolated.[16] A desire to expunge this part of her life might have been a motivation for Eva to arrange the destruction of her original birth certificate in 1945.[12][page needed][17]
When Duarte suddenly died and his mistress and their children sought to attend his funeral, there was an unpleasant scene at the church gates. Although Juana and the children were permitted to enter and pay their respects, they were promptly directed out of the church. Duarte's widow did not want her late husband's mistress and children at the funeral and, as she was the legitimate wife, her orders were respected.[18
Esto me intriga. La primera vez que quise orientar un telescopio en Bariloche me encontré con que las calles del centro, que parecen correr de norte a sur, en realidad están un poco rotadas hacia el sudoeste-noreste. ¿Cuánto? Entre 7 y 8 grados, como podemos ver en Google Earth (podemos hoy, cuando lo descubrí no existía Earth). No parece mucho, pero para la puesta en estación de un telescopio astronómico es bastante. Así que las calles no servían, y hay que usar una brújula para acomodar la montura aproximadamente hacia el norte. Así que me compré una brújula, y resultó que ¡la brújula sí apuntaba exactamente en dirección de las calles!
El fenómeno se llama declinación magnética: el campo magnético terrestre, que se origina en las profundidades del planeta, no está exactamente alineado con el eje de rotación. Para complicar las cosas esta declinación no es la misma en toda la superficie de la Tierra. Hoy en día podemos averiguar la declinación magnética usando esta calculadora del NOAA. Vemos que en Bariloche corresponde a la inclinación de las calles.
OK, me dije. Seguro que cuando trazaron las calles a principios del siglo XX usaron una brújula y les quedó así. ¿Quién lo habría hecho? ¿Carlos Wiederhold, el "fundador" no oficial de Bariloche? Parece que no. Hace poco leí una nota en el diario local El Cordillerano, donde se cuenta que un capitán del ejército, Mariano Fósbery, hizo construir en 1902 una comisaría, un juzgado de paz, un cuartel y trazó las calles originales. Fósbery era jefe del escuadrón de caballería estacionado en San Martín de los Andes, y fue enviado a la costa sur del Nahuel Huapi, donde desde 1895 venía estableciéndose una pequeña población alrededor de la primera casa y almacén construidos por Don Carlos. El 3 de mayo de ese año el Presidente Roca destinó 400 hectáreas para el pueblo de San Carlos, fecha que celebramos hoy en día como cumpleaños de Bariloche. ¿Puede haber sido el capitán Fósbery, en su celo militar, quien trazó las calles brújula en mano? Parecía una explicación lógica.
Finalmente descubrí que no era posible. El campo magnético de la Tierra va cambiando. Sabemos inclusive que a intervalos irregulares, cada tantas decenas de miles de años el campo se invierte. Y 100 años son suficientes para percibirlo. En el mismo NOAA puede consultarse la declinación magnética del pasado. Para la región del Nahuel Huapi, en el año 1902, se veía así. La línea resaltada en amarillo, que pasa cerca de Bariloche, es de 17 grados. ¡Mucho más que ahora! Así que me queda la duda del origen de los 8 grados de declinación de las calles. Hoy mismo la declinación en mi casa es de 6.6 grados, casi un grado menos que en el 2000 cuando noté el fenómeno.
¿En algún lado el norte verdadero coincidirá con el magnético? Claro que sí. La línea de cero grados de declinacón magnética cruza la Argentina en diagonal, desde Mendoza hasta el Golfo San Matías. Los afortunados astrónomos que viven sobre ella pueden usar sus brújulas para acomodar sus telescopios.
Este tramado de líneas se va moviendo lentamente hacia el oeste. Dentro de 50 años el cero estará sobre Bariloche. ¡Yupi!
The knight Templar raised his sword to the sky. There are Gregorian chants playing in the background and incense burning. He says: “Non nobis Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo da gloriam”. The other 4 Templars repeat the phrase while they thump their chest with their right hand. He lowers the sword making an arc in front of a sculpture of the Virgin Mary of Fatima. He then pointed to the flags of Palestine and Israel and prays for peace. After the ceremony and prayers he shares another message before I am sent to bed: “You have just come from the Iron Cross, an energetic center of the Camino, which has been there since before the time of Christ. We are sons of light. Let the interior Camino transform you as it has the power to do so. May the forces of light, which we call angels, be with you in the remaining days.”
The stages covered in this blog post are in the province of Castilla y Leon. They include: Santa Catalina de Somoza – Manjarin – Ponferrada – Villafranca del Bierzo.
The Soul of a Hospitalero
One of the Camino phenomenons is that of the hospitalero. A hospitalero is the person that receives pilgrims in the albergues, the person that offers them rest and shelter. A hospitalero is a volunteer, it is a labor of love. Some do it for a week, some stay for months, some treat it as a vocation and are full-time hospitaleros. Not all albergues in the Camino have this aspect due to commercialization, but many do. I asked a hospitalero who has done this for years and she tells me that the fuel of a hospitalero is to travel without moving, to meet those true pilgrims that are genuinely grateful and kind. Another older hospitalero told me that she wishes to be a grandmother to the pilgrims she receives in the albergue. It’s sad knowing this how some pilgrims think they are arriving at 5 star hotels and complain when their comfort expectations are not met. Nowadays most people who wish to volunteer as a hospitalero sign up with an association. For example organizations like “Friends of the Camino of La Rioja region” or “Dutch Friends of the Camino” and are given a schedule in January of the weeks they would volunteer for.
The hospitalero attitude brings to mind 2 Corinthians 9:12-13: For this service you perform not only meets the needs of fellow believers, but also produces in many an outpouring of gratitude to God. And because of the proof which this service of yours brings, many will give glory to God for your loyalty to the gospel of Christ, which you profess, and for your generosity in sharing with all.
From the Pyrenees to The Iron Cross
From the farmland and hills on the Pyrenees, to the monster mountain crossing of Roncesvalles, to the pouring rain and mud paths in Navarra, to the vineyards and flower fields of La Rioja, to the flatlands of Castilla y Leon. The Way has an ever-changing scenery. It has been weeks since I’ve had a climb. Now the mountain of the Iron Cross awaits.
Wolves and Boars
“The wolf is a violent animal”. Bienvenido, a pastor, tells me in the morning.
Bienvenido
Yesterday evening I was walking alone and saw two large black beasts a few meters from me. It turned into a horrifying 30 minutes as I made my way to the next town. If one of them attacked me, there were no people around and no nearby streets for cars to pass by and see me.
As I further listen to Bienvenido, I rub my hands to keep them from freezing: “A few years ago I fell asleep by a tree and when I woke up it had already slaughtered 14 of my sheep. The wolf kills for sport. It would’ve killed all 100 before taking what it needed for food”. I describe what I saw and he tells me that it was a couple of wild boars. He notices I’m struggling to keep my hands warm and gives me some wool gloves as a gift. He knows where I’m going and he knows that in the mountain it’s going to get worse.
Hooded Monks
It is the climb to the “Cruz de Ferro” or the Iron Cross. It sits on top of a Celtic mount dating from the time before Christ. Some say it shows that the Camino has pagan origins long before it became the well-known christian pilgrimage of today.
My walk takes me up to the town or Rabanal. There I arrive just before the noon mass in a romanic church. It is presided by an order of monks wearing pointed hoods. The mass has substantial portions in latin which are chanted by them. On this day the church celebrates Pentecost, which is the event where the holy spirit came unto the followers of Jesus. A portion of the readings would provide me with courage for what lay ahead:
“For you did not receive a spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you received a Spirit of adoption, through whom we cry, “Abba, Father!”
Cruz de Ferro
After the mass I start the most difficult part of the climb. Within a few hours I reach Foncebadon, which is a town surrounded by ruins. It has only a handful of houses and offers albergues to pilgrims who wish to rest and go all the way to the top the next day. I stop to talk with some pilgrim friends staying there but I feel drawn to go further. After reaching the top I find the tall Iron Cross. There is a pilgrim tradition where you take a small stone from your home and carry it all the way here to leave it by the Iron Cross. Doing this can symbolize something you are giving up or want to let go of. Some people say a prayer for themselves or others.
A Snow Storm Takes Me To The Ruins
I start walking beyond the Cruz de Ferro and within a few minutes it starts to snow. I was still over an hour from the next town with albergues when I pass through the mountain village of Manjarin, which is surrounded in ruins. One of them was partly rebuilt and drew my attention. I stop by and I’m greeted by a man, some tea and cookies. He is a Templar. He offers me refuge and I accept. The place is austere, lacks running water and is not connected to the electric grid. You can imagine what type of basic services I lacked that evening.
Soldiers of God
The Templars are known for their code of honor, their knights, and their ties to the crusades. They were officially endorsed by the Catholic Church in 1129. Their role is the protection of Christian pilgrims, particularly those on the way to Jerusalem. They are also known as the “Poor fellow soldiers of Christ”. They had close to 20,000 members at its peak. They were an order that attempted to reconcile two activities that are seemingly incompatible: the religious life with the military life. Some of their later chapels went on to have features of all 3 major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. They grew so powerful and resourceful that they could arguably qualify as the world’s first multinational corporation. This along with rumors about their “secret society activities” led to distrust among the kingdoms and the church. After a few hundred years they were suppressed and condemned as heretics.
With Miche in the morning
I go down before dinner to the round table. They all stare at me as Miche asks me one question: “Where are you headed?” To which I could’ve replied “To Santiago”, but instead I answered “To where the Camino calls me to go”. I’ve answered rightly he confirms. He then pours some wine and shares some of their history and the Templar code with me. They are unorthodox christians. They regard Mary, the mother of Jesus, as the human form of the Creative Essence. According to them it has always existed and gave birth to the universe. They also believe in reincarnation and are mystical in their religious views. They recognize “Equality Among All” as the truth that Jesus came to reveal and they fight to protect that truth. Miche, the one who asked me the question, has a walking pilgrimage record that will trump anyone’s. He has walked from Spain to Jerusalem and the Inca Trail from the southern tip of Argentina to Mexico. In many ways they were also like a typical family, having disagreements, discussions and poking fun at each other. The meal with chicken soup, salad, baked potatoes and chicken wings was delicious.
Making My Way Down The Mountain
The next morning one of the first pilgrims I met was Holger from Germany. He has witnessed several of my late evening walks and arrivals with shock. The previous morning I met him at a café where I shared one of my sayings on the Camino: “God protects his pilgrims”. He asked me more about it and I shared the Camino changing experience I had in Tosantos and my newfound trust in God’s providence. Holger would always walk fast and with a definite goal. Today, coming down from the mountain he was a changed man. He was walking almost as if dancing, with his head rocking from left to right. He didn’t even notice he passed me by until I called for his attention. I asked what was new and he said he was in a trance. He’s also had a Camino changing experience and now walks with no particular destination, or a distance goal. He is living the Camino. He is happy and I rejoice in witnessing that.
Vineyards are now growing leafs
At the end of the day in the Ponferrada albergue I would be introduced to Sofia from Portugal. Our first conversation was short and uninteresting. We would be coinciding multiple times in the next few days. She would later become a major part of this journey and challenge my capacity even beyond Santiago.
The Wounded Warrior
The Templar castle in Ponferrada
The next of the Six Stages of Manhood is the Wounded Warrior. Going up the mountain I felt like a conquering warrior, on a mission motivated by love and standing for truth. The days after descending from the mountain felt like a falling out. Every day seemed like a mistake. The extraordinary faded, the magic of the Camino ceased. It grew mundane and dull. I tried to follow a path, but it felt forced and bore no fruit. I felt like I was trying to clean up a mess and feared I would not recover the same spirit for the rest of the Camino. Maybe I was not living a true adventure after all. Maybe I just got lucky to stumble into these extraordinary experiences. Maybe it’s time to face the truth and live the ordinary.
I reach the “Ave Fenix” albergue emotionally exhausted. I grow resentful as I feel more and more isolated from the spirit of the Camino. I see people experiencing wonder and joy with each other and the hospitaleros, but those doors seem closed to me. My heart is heavy and I decide to leave the albergue after 10pm because I cannot bear it anymore. I realize only one week remains and it dawns upon me with great sadness. I feel lost and choose to wander in the cold night in a place I don’t know.
I went out with the intention of being in the vicinity for 10 minutes but I kept walking further. It is almost 11pm and the albergue is about to close. I run in the dark and arrive 5 minutes before but it is already closed and I’m shivering from the cold. It is a large and thick wooden door from centuries ago with no doorbell of course. Out of desperation I start screaming like a madman until the hospitalero comes down and opens. I start a heated argument with him for self-righteous reasons. Here I am thinking of how the Camino is transforming my life for the better and look how pride quickly makes me stumble. After I’m done I notice other pilgrims in shock staring at me and the spectacle I made. I feel shame that quickly leads to anger. I sit down alone with the excuse that I’m waiting for my phone to charge. My morale is at its lowest in the Camino, it is the bottom of the abyss. Afterwards, everybody goes up to sleep and I start to cry. I stayed there until exhaustion took me out.
The Phoenix
I was staying in an Albergue called the “Ave Fenix” and at the time I didn’t realize what it meant. The “Phoenix Bird” is a mythological creature that dies by consuming itself with fire. It then obtains new life by being reborn out of its ashes. The anguish and resentment I felt was like a fire consuming me from the inside. I was dying to myself and the Camino. I was immersed in darkness and couldn’t see beyond myself. They say Hope is a Light, but I had no hope and I dreaded the days ahead.
The next day I would climb O Cebreiro. It is the toughest part of the Camino after going over the Pyrenees and makes the climb to the Iron Cross feel like a teaser. It is almost mythical, since it is where the modern Camino was reborn. It will also be the place where my Camino will be born again to a life beyond my initial expectations. I will be choosing to give up some of the adventures I planned to have after the Camino, and instead take on the path of a servant.
Tomas el Templario
Meeting Kay again
Entrance to the village of El Rabanal
The lower portion of the trunk of the Cruz de Ferro
VIDEO | 22 de Julio de 1947: Evita es recibida por Vicent Auriol, el presidente de Francia
Tuvo una agenda bastante apretada, con importantes reuniones para firmar acuerdos internacionales.
La “Gira del Arco Iris” de Evita por Europa y Sudamérica se realizó con el objetivo de fortalecer relaciones en el exterior, en un contexto de post Segunda Guerra Mundial. La primera dama fue enviada por Juan Domingo Perón para representar al gobierno peronista y al país. En primer lugar, llegó a España, donde se entrevistó con el general Francisco Franco y miles de españoles se rindieron a sus pies. Después se instaló en Italia, Portugal, Francia, Suiza, Mónaco, el Vaticano, Brasil y Uruguay.
El 22 de julio de 1947, la “abanderada de los humildes” llegó a Paris. Fue recibida por Georges Bidault, ministro de Exteriores francés. Además, la esperaba un grupo de mujeres y de niños que se mezclaban con las banderas de Argentina y de Francia. Las autoridades de la capital del país galo pusieron a disposición de Eva el automóvil del general Charles De Gaulle, un honor que hasta el momento sólo se había reservado para el primer ministro británico Winston Churchill. Con ese rodado, la oriunda de Los Toldos conoció la catedral de Notre Dame.
Evita ingresó a Notre Dame y se entrevistó con el monseñor Roncalli, quien en 1958 se convertiría en Papa y recibiría la denominación de Juan XXIII. Fuentes cercanas a la primera dama, sostienen que durante la entrevista que tuvieron, la joven argentina de 27 años le explicó la idea de realizar una fundación de ayuda social (la cual crearía al regresar al país) y recibió como respuesta: “Le recomiendo dos cosas: que prescinda por completo de todo papelerío burocrático, y que se consagre sin límites a su tarea”. Ambas las cumplió con excelencia.
Durante el tiempo en Francia, Evita estuvo hospedada en el Hotel Ritz. Tuvo una agenda bastante cargada de reuniones para firmar acuerdos internacionales. Uno de ellos fue con el presidente Vincent Auriol, con quien firmó un tratado que incluía el intercambio en particular de cuero, carne, cereales, aceites, y quebracho a cambio de acero, automóviles, diversos productos mecánicos, y en particular máquinas textiles, productos químicos.
“En su entrevista con el ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Georges Bidault, uno de los principales dirigentes de la resistencia interior a la ocupación alemana, Evita le planteó que era muy desagradable que Francia, país amigo de la Argentina, tuviera una calle en París y una estación del Métropolitain que se llamara Obligado, por la batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado. Le recordó que la Escuadra naval anglofrancesa había logrado ganar la batalla, pero había pedido la guerra. Y le pidió que le cambiaran el nombre.
Dos días después, cuando se firmaban los acuerdos comerciales por los cuales la Argentina otorgaba a Francia un crédito para compras de cereales de 200 millones de dólares, el presidente Vincent Auriol le comunicó que en aras de la renovada amistad franco argentina serían cambiados los nombres de la estación del Métropolitain y de la calle”. De esta manera, la calle Vuelta de Obligado pasó a denominarse “d’Argentine”. Evita, una luz en la historia argentina que dejó su rastro en París.
VIDEO | 22 de Julio de 1947: Evita es recibida por Vicent Auriol, el presidente de Francia
Tuvo una agenda bastante apretada, con importantes reuniones para firmar acuerdos internacionales.
La “Gira del Arco Iris” de Evita por Europa y Sudamérica se realizó con el objetivo de fortalecer relaciones en el exterior, en un contexto de post Segunda Guerra Mundial. La primera dama fue enviada por Juan Domingo Perón para representar al gobierno peronista y al país. En primer lugar, llegó a España, donde se entrevistó con el general Francisco Franco y miles de españoles se rindieron a sus pies. Después se instaló en Italia, Portugal, Francia, Suiza, Mónaco, el Vaticano, Brasil y Uruguay.
El 22 de julio de 1947, la “abanderada de los humildes” llegó a Paris. Fue recibida por Georges Bidault, ministro de Exteriores francés. Además, la esperaba un grupo de mujeres y de niños que se mezclaban con las banderas de Argentina y de Francia. Las autoridades de la capital del país galo pusieron a disposición de Eva el automóvil del general Charles De Gaulle, un honor que hasta el momento sólo se había reservado para el primer ministro británico Winston Churchill. Con ese rodado, la oriunda de Los Toldos conoció la catedral de Notre Dame.
Evita ingresó a Notre Dame y se entrevistó con el monseñor Roncalli, quien en 1958 se convertiría en Papa y recibiría la denominación de Juan XXIII. Fuentes cercanas a la primera dama, sostienen que durante la entrevista que tuvieron, la joven argentina de 27 años le explicó la idea de realizar una fundación de ayuda social (la cual crearía al regresar al país) y recibió como respuesta: “Le recomiendo dos cosas: que prescinda por completo de todo papelerío burocrático, y que se consagre sin límites a su tarea”. Ambas las cumplió con excelencia.
Durante el tiempo en Francia, Evita estuvo hospedada en el Hotel Ritz. Tuvo una agenda bastante cargada de reuniones para firmar acuerdos internacionales. Uno de ellos fue con el presidente Vincent Auriol, con quien firmó un tratado que incluía el intercambio en particular de cuero, carne, cereales, aceites, y quebracho a cambio de acero, automóviles, diversos productos mecánicos, y en particular máquinas textiles, productos químicos.
“En su entrevista con el ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Georges Bidault, uno de los principales dirigentes de la resistencia interior a la ocupación alemana, Evita le planteó que era muy desagradable que Francia, país amigo de la Argentina, tuviera una calle en París y una estación del Métropolitain que se llamara Obligado, por la batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado. Le recordó que la Escuadra naval anglofrancesa había logrado ganar la batalla, pero había pedido la guerra. Y le pidió que le cambiaran el nombre.
Dos días después, cuando se firmaban los acuerdos comerciales por los cuales la Argentina otorgaba a Francia un crédito para compras de cereales de 200 millones de dólares, el presidente Vincent Auriol le comunicó que en aras de la renovada amistad franco argentina serían cambiados los nombres de la estación del Métropolitain y de la calle”. De esta manera, la calle Vuelta de Obligado pasó a denominarse “d’Argentine”. Evita, una luz en la historia argentina que dejó su rastro en París.
Hacendado, era dueño de un haras de caballos en Balcarce, ciudad donde presidió el comité local de la Unión Cívica Radical (UCR) y donde fue comisionado municipal.15
Durante el gobierno de Juan Domingo Perón, fue designado embajador especial para asistir al acto de asunción del presidente chileno Gabriel González Videla en 1946, y al año siguiente fue nombrado embajador en Francia, cargo que ejerció hasta 1949.1 En su período en París, acompañó la visita oficial de Eva Perón en 1947, y firmó con el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores Georges Bidault un convenio comercial y financiero.78
Posteriormente fue director del Banco Argentino de Comercio.1
“…El 21 de julio, Evita descendió de su avión en Orly, vestida de blanco, con un sombrero de paja del mismo color, sonriente y un poco pálida. A los pies de la escalerilla, el ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Georges Bidault, le besó la mano y luego la saludaron el embajador argentino en París, Julio Victorica Roca, y varios embajadores latinoamericanos. Un cortejo de cuarenta coches la acompañó hasta el Hotel Ritz, donde un grupo de niños le presentó un ramo de flores y Bidault se despidió. Como símbolo de la importancia que el gobierno francés daba a su persona, puso a su disposición el auto que había pertenecido al general Charles de Gaulle, el mismo que usaba sir Winston Churchill en sus visitas oficiales a París. Además, durante la estadía la Argentina y Francia firmaron un tratado comercial por el cual este país recibiría un abultado crédito para la compra de trigo y carne. La ceremonia tuvo lugar en el Quai D’Orsay, y finalizada la misma, Bidault condecoró a Evita con la Legión de Honor. Al día siguiente de su llegada, Evita fue recibida por el presidente Vincent Auriol en el castillo de Rambouillet, donde le ofreció un almuerzo…” (Evita. Marysa Navarro)
VIDEO Evita llega a Francia Eva Perón arriba al aeropuerto de Orly y es recibida por el Canciller Georges Bidault. Duración 1 minuto https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7NjQBNsCWc
VIDEO Evita en Francia. Eva Perón visita el castillo de Rambouillet, en Francia para almorzar con el presidente Vincent Autiol. Duración 3 minutos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSzwYgMeSuU
Comenzado en 1792 para reemplazar el heredado de los jesuitas, que estaba ubicado cerca del Río Carcarañá, en el actual distrito Aldao. El convento se albergaba desde 1796 a los religiosos en un edificio de estilo colonial; y se hallaba aún inconcluso en 1813, cuando el 3 de febrero fue empleado por las tropas del entonces Coronel de Caballería José de San Martín para albergarse antes del combate de San Lorenzo, el primer enfrentamiento en la Guerra de Independencia Argentina y único combate librado por San Martín en lo que hoy es suelo argentino.
La iglesia, comenzada en 1807, es obra del arquitecto Juan Bautista Segismundo, también autor de la Recova de Buenos Aires. Además de esta, el conjunto incluye los edificios del convento, el seminario y dos colegios. En el refectorio principal se instaló el hospital de campaña tras el combate, y allí falleció el sargento Juan Bautista Cabral; los muertos fueron sepultados en el huerto.
Hoy funciona en las instalaciones el Museo Histórico del Convento San Carlos, con exhibiciones de arte religioso, un cementerio en el que una urna contiene las cenizas de los caídos en la batalla de San Lorenzo, y varias salas conservadas como monumentos históricos: una celda que alojó al coronel San Martín, el refectorio, y exhibiciones sobre la construcción del convento y la obra de los frailes.
El convento de San Lorenzo tiene además otros antecedentes que ilustran sobre su merecimiento histórico:
En una de sus habitaciones se instaló la primera escuela pública que se abrió en el país después de la Revolución de Mayo; el Colegio San Carlos
En él se firmó el 12 de abril de 1819 el armisticio de San Lorenzo, entre los representantes de Manuel Belgrano y los del General Estanislao López.
Frente al convento fue vencida en 1840 la escuadra francesa que pretendió remontar el Paraná
El 16 de enero de 1846 el general Lucio Norberto Mansilla enfrentó en el mismo sitio a un gran convoy compuesto de unidades del gobierno de Montevideo, escoltadas por buques de guerra ingleses y franceses.
Por ley n.º 12.648 del 2 de octubre de 1940 fueron declarados Monumento Nacional el convento y el campo contiguo, al que se lo denomina "Campo de la Gloria", en honor y referencia a la batalla de San Lorenzo, aunque no fue ese el lugar exacto de la misma.
El convento San Carlos ya no existe como tal en la Orden de Frailes Menores, puesto que fue suprimido y sus religiosos fueron reubicados. La Parroquia San Lorenzo Mártir que se ubica junto al histórico convento fue entregada a la Arquidiócesis de Rosario en el año 2020, por lo que actualmente es atendida por un sacerdote diocesano.
New International Version It is as if the dew of Hermon were falling on Mount Zion. For there the LORD bestows his blessing, even life forevermore.
New Living Translation Harmony is as refreshing as the dew from Mount Hermon that falls on the mountains of Zion. And there the LORD has pronounced his blessing, even life everlasting.
English Standard Version It is like the dew of Hermon, which falls on the mountains of Zion! For there the LORD has commanded the blessing, life forevermore.
Berean Standard Bible It is like the dew of Hermon falling on the mountains of Zion. For there the LORD has bestowed the blessing of life forevermore.
King James Bible As the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended upon the mountains of Zion: for there the LORD commanded the blessing, even life for evermore.
New King James Version It is like the dew of Hermon, Descending upon the mountains of Zion; For there the LORD commanded the blessing— Life forevermore.
New American Standard Bible It is like the dew of Hermon Coming down upon the mountains of Zion; For the LORD commanded the blessing there—life forever.
NASB 1995 It is like the dew of Hermon Coming down upon the mountains of Zion; For there the LORD commanded the blessing— life forever.
NASB 1977 It is like the dew of Hermon, Coming down upon the mountains of Zion; For there the LORD commanded the blessing—life forever.
Legacy Standard Bible It is like the dew of Hermon Coming down upon the mountains of Zion; For there, Yahweh commanded the blessing—life forever.
Amplified Bible It is like the dew of [Mount] Hermon Coming down on the hills of Zion; For there the LORD has commanded the blessing: life forevermore.
Christian Standard Bible It is like the dew of Hermon falling on the mountains of Zion. For there the LORD has appointed the blessing — life forevermore.
Holman Christian Standard Bible It is like the dew of Hermon falling on the mountains of Zion. For there the LORD has appointed the blessing— life forevermore.
American Standard Version Like the dew of Hermon, That cometh down upon the mountains of Zion: For there Jehovah commanded the blessing, Even life for evermore.
Contemporary English Version It is like the dew from Mount Hermon, falling on Zion's mountains, where the LORD has promised to bless his people with life forevermore.
English Revised Version Like the dew of Hermon, that cometh down upon the mountains of Zion: for there the LORD commanded the blessing, even life for evermore.
GOD'S WORD® Translation It is like dew on [Mount] Hermon, dew which comes down on Zion's mountains. That is where the LORD promised the blessing of eternal life.
Good News Translation It is like the dew on Mount Hermon, falling on the hills of Zion. That is where the LORD has promised his blessing--life that never ends.
International Standard Version It is like the dew of Hermon falling on Zion's mountains. For there the LORD commanded his blessing— life everlasting.
Majority Standard Bible It is like the dew of Hermon falling on the mountains of Zion. For there the LORD has bestowed the blessing of life forevermore.
NET Bible It is like the dew of Hermon, which flows down upon the hills of Zion. Indeed that is where the LORD has decreed a blessing will be available--eternal life.
New Heart English Bible like the dew of Hermon, that comes down on the hills of Zion: for there the LORD gives the blessing, even life forevermore.
Webster's Bible Translation As the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended upon the mountains of Zion: for there the LORD commanded the blessing, even life for ever.
World English Bible like the dew of Hermon, that comes down on the hills of Zion; for there Yahweh gives the blessing, even life forever more.
Literal Translations
Literal Standard Version As dew of Hermon—That comes down on hills of Zion, "" For there YHWH commanded the blessing—Life for all time!
Young's Literal Translation As dew of Hermon -- That cometh down on hills of Zion, For there Jehovah commanded the blessing -- Life unto the age!
Smith's Literal Translation As the dew of Hermon coming down upon the mountains of Zion: for there Jehovah commanded the blessing, life even forever.
Catholic Translations
Douay-Rheims Bible as the dew of Hermon, which descendeth upon mount Sion. For there the Lord hath commandeth blessing, and life for evermore.
Catholic Public Domain Version It is like the dew of Hermon, which descended from mount Zion. For in that place, the Lord has commanded a blessing, and life, even unto eternity.
New American Bible Like dew of Hermon coming down upon the mountains of Zion. There the LORD has decreed a blessing, life for evermore!
New Revised Standard Version It is like the dew of Hermon, which falls on the mountains of Zion. For there the LORD ordained his blessing, life forevermore.
Translations from Aramaic
Lamsa Bible Like the dew of Hermon that falls upon the mount of Zion; for there the LORD commanded the blessing, even life for evermore.
Peshitta Holy Bible Translated Like the dew of Hermon that descends upon the mountain of Zion, because there LORD JEHOVAH commanded the blessing and the Life unto eternity.
OT Translations
JPS Tanakh 1917 Like the dew of Hermon, That cometh down upon the mountains of Zion; For there the LORD commanded the blessing, Even life for ever.
Brenton Septuagint Translation As the dew of Aermon, that comes down on the mountains of Sion: for there, the Lord commanded the blessing, even life for ever.
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Bariloche is a small city in Argentina near the border of Chile in the region of Patagonia. It is the perfect place to visit if you want to enjoy the beautiful mountains, and of course, hike!
When we visited, we were lucky enough to experience a hike like no other, the hike to Refugio Otto Meiling at the base of Cerro Tronador (also known as Tronador Hill.) Sure, there are some great hikes around Bariloche, but in our eyes, nothing compared to Cerro Traonador.
This was surprising as the Cerro Tronador hike seems to be much less popular than other hikes from Bariloche.
So, in this blog, we are going to tell you everything you need to know about Cerro Tronador including the hike to its base, staying in the Refugio, day trips, and more! This way, you’ll be able to have the same amazing experience that we did!
About Cerro Tronador
The large mountain is Cerro Tronador – Photo Credit Ocphoto Bigstock
Cerro Tronador is the tallest mountain near Bariloche. It is so tall that it actually towers about 1,000 meters (3,281 feet) higher than the others nearby. At 3,400 meters (11,155 feet) above sea level, it is a large and impressive mountain peak.
Cerro Trandor is located in Nahuel Huapi National Park. There are actually 8 glaciers on Cerro Tronador alone, two of which are quite famous and easily reached on a hike to its base (Castaño Overa and Alcerce.)
Because of its size and number of glaciers, mountaineers love tackling the challenging Cerro Tronador. However, for most people, hiking to the base of the mountain (where a mountain hut is located) is as far as they’ll go.
Hiking to the hut on Cerro Tronador is easily one of the best things to do in Bariloche, and if you like hiking, it’s an activity I’m sure you’ll enjoy.
This is the view from Refugio Otto Meiling at the base of Cerro Tronador.
If you want to walk right in between two glaciers, see a glacier waterfall, Condors, and have 360-degree panoramic views of the Andes, then you will need to hike Tronador Hill (the base of Cerro Tronador.) This hike is amazing, and to me, well worth doing!
Note: Only those with extreme mountaineering experience can summit Cero Tronador. The hike we are referring to in this blog is the hike up Tronador Hil to the base of Cerro Tronador.
The hike begins in Nahuel Huapi National Park from a place called Pampa Linda. Pampa Linda is located 90 kilometers (56 miles) from Bariloche and can be reached via car or shuttle bus. The shuttle bus takes 2 hours from Bariloche and costs 7500 ARS ($44 USD) for a round-trip ride.
At Pampa Linda, there is a small hotel and restaurant as well as a ranger’s office where you will need to register your plans. If you want, you can actually book a night or two at Pampa Linda and base yourself there for a day hike up Tronador Hill.
How long and difficult is the Cerro Tronador hike?
At the end, you might even be hiking through snow!
From Pampa Linda to the base of Cerro Tronador is a 14-kilometer (8.7 miles) walk that ascends over 1,000 meters (3,200 feet.) It took us 4.5 hours on the way up at a fairly steady pace, and less than 3 hours on the way down.
The trail is particularly well maintained, but it is a challenging hike, particularly on the way up.
The trail begins in a forest with lots of shade, but by the end, you’ll be hiking on volcanic rock and completely exposed to the elements.
You’ll know you’ve made it to the end when you reach a small hut, or Refugio, called Refugio Otto Meiling. Here, you can choose to spend a night in the hut, camp, or turn around and make your way back down.
You hike back to Pampa Linda on the same trail as the way up.
How much does it cost to hike Cerro Tronador?
Let’s look at an example if you book at the Refugio Otto Meiling.
You must also pay the national park entrance of 2,700 ARS ($18.56 USD) (Current price as of September 2022). This is paid when you enter the national park before reaching Pampa Linda.
Other expenses are the shuttle from Bariloche and back which costs 7500 pesos ($44 USD), accommodation at Refugio Otto Meiling or Pampa Linda, gear rental, or food as needed.
Should you spend the night?
Otto Meiling Refugio at the base of Cerro Tronador.
This is totally up to you but I recommend either spending a night at Refugio Otto Meiling or Pampa Linda, OR going on an organized tour. The reason is that the hike is rather long and difficult to complete in one day with enough time to catch the shuttle back to Bariloche (usually departs Pampa Linda at 5 pm.)
Personally, we stayed at the refugio and loved having all of the extra time up on the mountain. So, that would have to be my personal recommendation.
However, the Refugio is very basic (more on that below) so if you want a proper hotel and comfort then the Hosteria Pampa Linda may be more suited for you. You must book Hosteria Pampa Linda in advance, but Refugio Otto Meiling currently needs to be booked in advance due to the effects of COVID-19.
If you are very short on time and only have one day to spare, you can book a tour complete with transport from Bariloche (more on that below!)
Refugio Otto Meiling
This is the upstairs of Refugio Otoo Meiling, where everybody sleeps on mattresses on the floor.
Refugio Otto Meiling is a very basic mountain hut located right at the base of Cerro Tronador. At the hut, there is a small kitchen, lots of tables, bathrooms with flushing toilets and running taps (no showers), and a large open upstairs with mattresses on the floor for sleeping.
It isn’t luxurious, but it is a great way to spend a night at one of the most beautiful viewpoints in the world.
On the price list above, you can find the prices for spending a night in the hut as well as food and drinks. If you want to cook your own meal you’ll just need to pay a small fee to use the kitchen.
Drinking water is available for free.
Camping is also free and permitted around the Refugio only (you are not allowed to camp anywhere else along the trail.) Just be sure to bring a good tent if you plan on camping as the winds can be very strong up there! You can rent tents from various shops in Bariloche before you go as well as sleeping bags and cooking equipment.
At the time we went you could not book Refugio Otto Meiling in advance and they were always accommodating people who showed up. However, due to COVID-19, you must now make a reservation online in advance to stay here (as of December 2022).
Hosteria Pampa Linda is the hotel at the very beginning of the trail. It is a proper hotel with comfortable standard rooms available as well as a restaurant.
The reviews are very good for this hotel and most people who stay here enjoy it. It is also very affordable at about $100 USD per night for two people.
If you want to hike Cerro Tronador but spend a night somewhere nicer than the Refugio, Hosteria Pampa Linda is a good option. You can even book excursions like horseback riding up the trail from there too!
Along the trail, there is a side trip to a hanging glacier called Castaño Overa. This adds an extra 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) to your trip but is well worth it if you ask me!
The glacier is literally hanging off the edge of a cliff and waterfalls pour from beneath it. It was a sight I’d never seen before and was amazing.
We visited the glacier on the way back down from the refugio on day 2. We did this because going down was much quicker than the way up (on day 1) and much easier. So, the added couple of kilometers were easily doable on day 2.
Cerro Tronador Excursions (Day-trips from Bariloche)
Unfortunately, if you want to hike all the way to Refugio Otto Meiling, there is no tour available (that I am aware of anyways). The tours to Cerro Tronsodor from Bariloche do go to Pampa Linda where you get amazing views of Cerro Tronador.
The tours also include commentary and stops at several other gorgeous viewpoints including the Black Glacier.
Although not a hiking tour, this particular tour comes highly rated and offers the chance for some incredible views! It will be a long day in the car but if you aren’t planning on doing a lot of hiking this is a good option to see the peaks of Cerro Tronador and the beautiful rivers, lakes, and glaciers along the way.
Wow, what a place to end our time in Patagonia! This truly was a Patagonia highlight for us and would recommend this to everyone heading to Bariloche.
Whether you are preparing to hike in Bariloche or need a place to rest after a long hiking day we recommend staying right in Bariloche. There are a lot of accommodation options, so here’s our list of stays for any budget to make planning easier.
For just around $29 USD for a dorm bed you can have yourself an epic view from the hostel’s penthouse lounge and dining areas. It is a super cozy and homey place to stay and breakfast is included daily. It’s right on the main square so getting around couldn’t be easier. They also have private rooms with shared baths.
Located several streets away from the main party zone you will be able to sleep without all the noise. Plus the hostel has an on-site bar if you want to socialize with other travelers. A dorm bed here starts at $22 USD and this property includes breakfast and has an averaged size shared kitchen, free wifi, and luggage storage provided. One of the main cons here is a limited number of bathrooms.
Affordable modernized hotel centrally located. A double room averages $95 USD a night and they are clean and spacious. You are offered to enjoy a complimentary breakfast buffet and the lobby has a game room with a pool and poker table.
Located on the Arelauquen Golf Pro and Country Club this facility is truly beautiful! They offer entire bungalows that hold 2-4 adults and have a full kitchen, balcony, and spa tub. You will have incredible lake views around the property and most rooms. It has indoor and outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, and a spa. At just $210 for a two-person bungalow this place is a steal. The only con is being a 25-minute drive from downtown.
Planning your Trip to Patagonia
Dan and I, taking a selfie with King Penguins!
Accommodation in Patagonia
Booking accommodation is one of the biggest aspects of your trip, and we should know as we stay in a new hotel up to 40 times per year! Funny enough, we make 99% of these bookings on one website and that’s Booking.com – and there are a few reasons why we use this site!
Number one is the website is easy to use and sorts accommodation options. That takes the stress out of planning which honestly still affects us and we do it more than not.
Second, is the price guarantee. We have literally booked a hotel months before and then 1 week out found it cheaper (we always do a quick search), and they’ll match that price from anyone’s website including the hotels!
And third, is the Genius loyalty program. If you make a certain amount of bookings per year you get a Genius discount. We are level-two geniuses because we make more than 5 a year. At participating hotels, we get things like free breakfast included, early check-in, and up to 15% off.
We enjoyed a rental car for our second trip to Patagonia – and wow, what a way to travel! But the best part was that we only paid $40 USD per day for a 5-person sedan!
But how? Well if you’re renting a car the cheapest company is Discover Cars. We often get questions from readers asking us if the website is fake because it seems too cheap! The truth is, they are a great company that we actually used for our own rental car.
If you do want to compare prices (and you should) do a quick search on Airport Car Rentals too. They’re another big competitor and each company often has its own deals to offer!
We love booking our tours on the website Viator! Not only does it make it super easy because you can compare tours all in one place, but it is safe and you can pay in your home currency (so you’ll save on currency conversion fees from your bank!) On top of that, you can check reviews from other travelers so that you know exactly what you are getting.
Most tours on Viator also offer free cancellation up to 24 hours before the tour starts, which we love! Being flexible when we travel is super important to us.
If you’re looking to save money on travel insurance, we currently use and recommend SafetyWing. We’ve been using their coverage since 2018 and they’ve had our backs when we needed emergency flights and got sick overseas.
SafetyWing is one of the cheapest providers out there and covers everything from medical costs to lost luggage, travel delays, and emergency flights. A huge difference we’ve found between them and other companies is that they let you take out a policy AFTER leaving your home country. We’ve also found it handy that it’s a monthly payment rather than a lump sum, and you can get a refund for unused time.
SafetyWing has helped us out in some scary situations before and their affordable coverage has given us peace of mind. You can read our honest review of SafetyWing for all the pros and cons.
We hope you’ve been inspired to hike to the hut on Cerro Tronador! If you found this blog helpful, we have tons more about travel in Patagonia and Argentina! Some of our favorites include:
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The large mountain is Cerro Tronador – Photo Credit Ocphoto Bigstock
This is the view from Refugio Otto Meiling at the base of Cerro Tronador.
Dan and I at the beginning of the trail!
At the end, you might even be hiking through snow!
Otto Meiling Refugio at the base of Cerro Tronador.
This is the upstairs of Refugio Otoo Meiling, where everybody sleeps on mattresses on the floor.
Photo Credit: Hosteria Pampa Linda
The hanging glacier, Castaño Overa
Dan and I, taking a selfie with King Penguins!
Our rental car!
Drinking pure glacier water on 
