Etimología[editar]

Luisiana fue nombrada así en honor de Luis XIV, rey de Francia (1643-1715). Cuando René Robert Cavelier de La Salle reclamó este territorio regado por el río Misisipi para Francia, la llamó La Louisiane, que significa «La tierra de Luis». Luisiana también formó parte de la Luisiana Española la cual era una gran parte del Virreinato de Nueva España. Ya formando parte de los Estados Unidos, el territorio de Luisiana se extendía desde Nueva Orleans hasta la frontera actual con Canadá.

Historia[editar]

Primeros establecimientos[editar]

Luisiana estaba habitada por indoamericanos cuando los exploradores españoles llegaron en el siglo xvi. Muchos nombres de lugares en el estado son transliteraciones de aquellos usados en dialectos nativos. Las tribus que habitaban Luisiana incluían a los atakapa, los boocana, los opelousa, los acolapissa, los tangipahoa y los chitimacha en el sureste del estado; los washa, los chawasha, los yagenechito, los bayougoula y los houma (parte de la nación choctaw), los quinipissa, los okelousa, los avoyel, los taensa (parte de la nación natchez), los túnica y los koroa. El centro y noroeste de Luisiana era parte de la nación caddo y la federación de los natchitoches.

Viking 2

OCCURRED 45 YEARS AGO

TYPE

Orbiter, Lander

LAUNCH

Sept. 9, 1975

TARGET

Mars

STATUS

Successful

Viking 2 touched down safely in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars, about 4,000 miles (6,460 kilometers) from the Viking 1. It was the second spacecraft to send science data back from the Martian surface.

Part of Viking 2 seen with Martian boulder field in the background.

NASA's Viking 2 on the surface of Mars.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

What was Viking 2?

Both NASA Viking missions used a combination of orbiter and lander to explore Mars in unprecedented detail.

Viking 2 entered orbit around Mars on Aug. 7, 1976.
The lander touched down safely on Sept. 3, 1976, about 4,000 miles (6,460 kilometers) from the Viking 1.
In total, the two Viking orbiters returned 52,663 images of Mars and mapped about 97 percent of the surface at a resolution of 984 feet (300 meters) resolution. The landers returned 4,500 photos of the two landing sites.

Nation	United States of America (USA)
Objective(s)	Mars Landing and Orbit
Spacecraft	Viking-A
Spacecraft Mass	7,776 pounds (3,527 kilograms)
Spacecraft Power	Lander each carried two SNAP-19 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs); Orbiters were solar-powered
Mission Design and Management	NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) / NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
Launch Vehicle	Titan IIIE-Centaur (TC-3 / Titan no. E-3 / Centaur no. D-1T)
Launch Date and Time	Sept. 9, 1975 / 18:39:00 UT
Launch Site	Cape Canaveral, Fla. / Launch Complex 41
Scientific Instruments	Orbiter 1. Imaging System (2 Vidicon Cameras) (VIS) 2. infrared Spectrometer for Water Vapor Mapping (MAWD) 3. Infrared Radiometer for Thermal Mapping (IRTM) Lander 1. Imaging System (2 facsimile cameras) 2. Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) 3. Seismometer 4. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 5. Biological Laboratory 6. Weather Instrument Package (Temperature, Pressure, Wind Velocity) 7. Remote Sampler Arm Aeroshell 1. Retarding Potential Analyzer 2. Upper-Atmosphere Mass Spectrometer 3. Pressure, Temperature, and Density Sensors

Key Dates

Sept. 9, 1975: Launch

Aug. 7, 1976: Viking 2 entered orbit around Mars

Sept. 3, 1976: Lander touches down safely on the surface of Mars

July 24, 1978: End of orbiter operations

April 12, 1980: End of lander mission

In Depth: Viking 2

The Viking-A spacecraft was scheduled to be launched first but ended up being launched second due to a problem with its batteries. It was renamed Viking 2.

After a successful launch and a course correction Sept. 19, 1975, Viking 2 entered orbit around Mars nearly a year after launch Aug. 7, 1976. Initial orbital parameters were 933 × 22,200 miles (1,502 × 35,728 kilometers) inclined at 55.6 degrees.

Credit: NASA

As with Viking 1, photographs of the original landing site indicated rough terrain, prompting mission planners to select a different site at Utopia Planitia near the edge of the polar ice cap where water was located and where there was a better chance of finding signs of life.

The lander separated from the orbiter without incident at 20:19 UT Sept. 3, 1976, and after atmospheric entry, landed safely at 22:37:50 UT, about 4,000 miles (6,460 kilometers) from the Viking 1 landing site. Touchdown coordinates were 47.968 degrees north latitude and 225.71 degrees west longitude.

Photographs of the area showed a rockier, flatter site than that of Viking 1. The lander was in fact tilted 8.5 degrees to the west. Panoramic views of the landscape showed a terrain different from that of Viking 1, with much less definition and very little in the way of horizon features. Because of the lack of general topographical references on the ground, imagery from the orbiters was unable to precisely locate the lander.

Credit: NASA

The biology experiments with scooped up soil collected on three occasions (beginning Sept. 12, 1976) produced similar results to its twin: inconclusive on whether life exists or ever has existed on the surface of Mars. Scientists believed that Martian soil contained reactants created by the ultraviolet bombardment of the soil that could produce characteristics of living organisms in Earth soil.

On Nov. 16, 1976, NASA announced that both Viking 1 and Viking 2 missions had successfully accomplished their mission goals and announced an extended mission that continued until May 1978 followed by a "Continuation Mission" until July 1979.

The orbiter continued its successful imaging mission, coming within 17 miles (28 kilometers) of the Martian Moon Deimos in May 1977.

A series of leaks prompted termination of the Viking 2 orbiter operations July 24, 1978, while the Viking 2 lander continued to transmit data until April 12, 1980.

In July 2001, the Viking 2 lander was renamed the Gerald Soffen Memorial Station after Gerald Soffen (1926-2000), the NASA Project Scientist for Viking who had died recently.

In total, the two Viking orbiters returned 52,663 images of Mars and mapped about 97% of the surface at a resolution of about 980 feet (300 meters) resolution.

The Viking landers returned 4,500 photos of the two landing sites.

https://science.nasa.gov/mission/viking-2/