Rue de Rivoli, Arc de Triomphe, Madeleine...Le Paris de Napoléon
Mercredi 5 mai 2021, cela fera 200 ans que Napoléon est mort. La rue de Rivoli, l'Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile, la Madeleine, entre autres, témoignent de son action à Paris.
Paris ne serait pas la ville qu’elle est si Napoléon, dont c’est le bicentenaire de la mort le 5 mai 2021, n’y avait pas imprimé sa marque. De la rue de Rivoli à l’Arc de Triomphe, en passant par les canaux ou la colonne Vendôme, retour sur ces lieux de la capitale où plane l’ombre de l’Empereur.
Lorsque l’on évoque la rue de Rivoli, on pense immédiatement à Haussmann. Avec justesse puisque l’on doit au baron les parties centrale et orientale afin de la connecter à la rue Saint-Antoine et de créer ainsi un grand axe est-ouest dans le centre de Paris. Mais avant, la partie occidentale de la rue (qui correspond à peu près à la partie aux arcades) a été percée sous le Premier Empire.
S’inspirant d’un projet révolutionnaire de 1793, Napoléon, devenu Premier Consul, fit édicter le 17 vendémiaire an X (9 octobre 1801) un décret ordonnant une série de percements entre le jardin des Tuileries, la place Vendôme, la rue Saint-Honoré et la rue Saint-Florentin, sur les jardins des couvents de l’Assomption, des Capucines et des Feuillants.
La nouvelle rue ainsi tracée prit le nom de Rivoli en souvenir de la plus célèbre bataille de la Première campagne d’Italie. Elle permit également d’ouvrir deux voies perpendiculaires, les rues de Castiglione et des Pyramides.
Par un décret du 15 mars 1801, Bonaparte décida la construction d’un pont reliant le Louvre et le collège des Quatre-Nations aujourd’hui l’Institut. Entre 1801 et 1804, une passerelle de neuf arches en fonte réservée aux piétons est construite à l’emplacement de l’actuel pont des Arts : c’est le premier pont métallique de Paris.
Pas forcément au goût de Napoléon : « Cela n’a aucune apparence de solidité ; ce pont n’a rien de grandiose ; je conçois qu’en Angleterre, où la pierre est rare, on emploie le fer pour des arcs de grande dimension ; mais en France, où tout abonde… » Le pont s’effondre en 1979 avant d’être remonté en 1992.
Si Louis XV avait posé la première pierre de l’édifice en 1763, la Révolution française stoppa les travaux alors que les fûts des colonnes de la Madeleine s’élevaient jusqu’à la hauteur des chapiteaux.
Finalement, le 2 décembre 1806, au camp de Poznań en Pologne, l’Empereur Napoléon Ier signait un décret pour l’édification d’un temple à la gloire des Armées françaises : « le Monument dont l’Empereur vous appelle aujourd’hui à tracer le projet sera le plus auguste, le plus imposant de tous ceux que sa vaste imagination a conçus et que son activité prodigieuse sait faire exécuter. C’est la récompense que le vainqueur des Rois et des Peuples, le fondateur des empires, décerne à son armée victorieuse sous ses ordres et par son génie. La postérité dira : il fit des héros et sut récompenser l’héroïsme ».
Après la campagne de Russie de 1812, Napoléon renonça au temple de la Gloire, et revint au projet primitif d’une église. Il ne verra jamais le btiment achevé en 1842.
Napoléon Ier, au lendemain de la bataille d’Austerlitz, déclare aux soldats français : « Vous ne rentrerez dans vos foyers que sous des arcs de triomphe», faisant ainsi référence aux arcs de triomphe érigés sous l’Empire romain afin de commémorer un général vainqueur défilant à la tête de ses troupes. Par un décret impérial daté du 18 février 1806, il ordonne la construction de cet arc de triomphe consacré à perpétuer le souvenir des victoires des armées françaises.
Il pense à un emplacement près de la Bastille avant d’opter pour la place de l’Etoile. La première pierre est posée en 15 août 1806 et le monument sera inauguré trente ans plus tard. On y retrouve notamment gravées les noms des grandes batailles de la Révolution et de l’Empire.
Un autre arc aux Tuileries
Napoléon aura initié deux arcs. Le premier est construit sur la place du Carrousel. Plus petit que les autres avec ses 14,6 mètres. Ordonné en 1806 comme son cousin du rond-point de l’Étoile, il est achevé en 1808. À cette époque, il était dans la cour du palais des Tuileries, qui sera détruit par un incendie lors de La Commune de Paris, en 1871, et rasé en 1883. Aujourd’hui, il est dans la perspective unissant le Louvre, le jardin des Tuileries et les Champs-Élysées.
En 1808, Napoléon Ier décida de faire construire un édifice particulier pour abriter la Bourse de Paris contrainte de déménager à plusieurs reprises. L’Empereur confie la construction de l’édifice à l’architecte Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart.
Il souhaite ainsi voir s’élever un emblème de la puissance et de l’accomplissement auxquels la France est parvenue. Ni Brongniart ni l’Empereur ne verront l’édifice achevé en 1825.
Erigée sur ordre de Napoléon Ier de 1806 à 1810 pour commémorer la bataille d’Austerlitz, celle que l’on nomme la colonne Vendôme sur la place éponyme a été ensuite détruite lors de la Commune de Paris en 1871, avant d’être reconstruite sous sa forme actuelle. Au fil des années, elle reçoit les noms de colonne d’Austerlitz, puis colonne de la Victoire avant de devenir colonne de la Grande Armée.
Elle culmine à 44,3 mètres et mesure environ 3,60 mètres de diamètre moyen. Réalisée de pierres parées de bronze, elle est posée sur un socle et surmontée par une statue de Napoléon Ier.
Cette fontaine fut commandée en 1806 par Napoléon Ier à Emmanuel Crétet son ministre de l’intérieur, pour commémorer ses victoires (Lodi, Arcole, Rivoli, Pyramides, Mont Thabor, Marengo, Austerlitz, Ulm, Iena, Eylau, Dantzig, Friedland) et pour délivrer de l’eau potable gratuite aux Parisiens.
Terminée en 1808, elle a la forme d’une colonne ornée au sommet de feuilles de palmiers, d’où son nom. Son fût porte une liste des victoires de Napoléon en Italie, en Égypte et dans d’autres pays.
Sous le Second Empire, la place du Chtelet fut transformée et agrandie, et en 1858 le monument entier fut déplacé de 12 mètres vers l’Ouest, pour être placé au centre de la nouvelle place
Les canaux : Pour acheminer l’eau dans Paris et faciliter le transport de marchandises et de personnes, Napoléon ordonne la construction des canaux de l’Ourcq, de Saint-Martin et de Saint-Denis. Le réseau est progressivement inauguré au cours des années 1820.
Les numéros des immeubles : C’est un décret de 1805 qui définit le système de numérotation actuel. La disposition des numéros est déterminée par la situation de la rue relativement à la Seine.
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French President Emmanuel Macron, center, poses with President-elect Donald Trump, left, and Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the Elysee Palace, Saturday, Dec. 7, 2024 in Paris. (AP Photo/Aurelien Morissard)
New International Version Meanwhile a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was a learned man, with a thorough knowledge of the Scriptures.
New Living Translation Meanwhile, a Jew named Apollos, an eloquent speaker who knew the Scriptures well, had arrived in Ephesus from Alexandria in Egypt.
English Standard Version Now a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent man, competent in the Scriptures.
Berean Standard Bible Meanwhile a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent man, well versed in the Scriptures.
Berean Literal Bible Now a certain Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus, being an eloquent man, mighty in the Scriptures.
King James Bible And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the scriptures, came to Ephesus.
New King James Version Now a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man and mighty in the Scriptures, came to Ephesus.
New American Standard Bible Now a Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus; and he was proficient in the Scriptures.
NASB 1995 Now a Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus; and he was mighty in the Scriptures.
NASB 1977 Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus; and he was mighty in the Scriptures.
Legacy Standard Bible Now a Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, arrived at Ephesus; and he was mighty in the Scriptures.
Amplified Bible Now a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent and cultured man, and well versed in the [Hebrew] Scriptures.
Christian Standard Bible Now a Jew named Apollos, a native Alexandrian, an eloquent man who was competent in the use of the Scriptures, arrived in Ephesus.
Holman Christian Standard Bible A Jew named Apollos, a native Alexandrian, an eloquent man who was powerful in the use of the Scriptures, arrived in Ephesus.
American Standard Version Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by race, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus; and he was mighty in the scriptures.
Contemporary English Version A Jewish man named Apollos came to Ephesus. Apollos had been born in the city of Alexandria. He was a very good speaker and knew a lot about the Scriptures.
English Revised Version Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by race, a learned man, came to Ephesus; and he was mighty in the scriptures.
GOD'S WORD® Translation A Jew named Apollos, who had been born in Alexandria, arrived in the city of Ephesus. He was an eloquent speaker and knew how to use the Scriptures in a powerful way.
Good News Translation At that time a Jew named Apollos, who had been born in Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent speaker and had a thorough knowledge of the Scriptures.
International Standard Version Meanwhile, a Jew named Apollos arrived in Ephesus. He was a native of Alexandria, an eloquent man, and well versed in the Scriptures.
Majority Standard Bible Meanwhile a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent man, well versed in the Scriptures.
NET Bible Now a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, arrived in Ephesus. He was an eloquent speaker, well-versed in the scriptures.
New Heart English Bible Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by race, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus. He was mighty in the Scriptures.
Webster's Bible Translation And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the scriptures, came to Ephesus.
Weymouth New Testament Meanwhile a Jew named Apollos came to Ephesus. He was a native of Alexandria, a man of great learning and well versed in the Scriptures.
World English Bible Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by race, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus. He was mighty in the Scriptures.
Literal Translations
Literal Standard Version And a certain Jew, Apollos by name, an Alexandrian by birth, a man of eloquence, being mighty in the Writings, came to Ephesus;
Berean Literal Bible Now a certain Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus, being an eloquent man, mighty in the Scriptures.
Young's Literal Translation And a certain Jew, Apollos by name, an Alexandrian by birth, a man of eloquence, being mighty in the Writings, came to Ephesus,
Smith's Literal Translation And a certain Jew, Apollos by name, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, arrived at Ephesus, being able in the writings.
Catholic Translations
Douay-Rheims Bible Now a certain Jew, named Apollo, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus, one mighty in the scriptures.
Catholic Public Domain Version Now a certain Jew named Apollo, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man who was powerful with the Scriptures, arrived at Ephesus.
New American Bible A Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, an eloquent speaker, arrived in Ephesus. He was an authority on the scriptures.
New Revised Standard Version Now there came to Ephesus a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria. He was an eloquent man, well-versed in the scriptures.
Translations from Aramaic
Lamsa Bible And a certain Jew named A-pol’los, a native of Al-ex-an’dri-a, an eloquent man and well versed in the scriptures, came to Eph'esus.
Aramaic Bible in Plain English One man, a Jew whose name was Apollo, a native of Alexandria and instructed in the word, was familiar with the Scriptures and he came to Ephesaus.
NT Translations
Anderson New Testament And a certain Jew, named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, and mighty in the Scriptures, came to Ephesus.
Godbey New Testament And a certain Jew, Apollos by name, an Alexandrian by race, an eloquent man, came into Ephesus, being mighty in the scriptures.
Haweis New Testament Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, a man of eloquence, who was powerful in the Scriptures, had come to Ephesus.
Mace New Testament In the mean time a Jew, nam'd Apollos, born at Alexandria, a man of letters, and vers'd in the scriptures, arriv'd at Ephesus.
Weymouth New Testament Meanwhile a Jew named Apollos came to Ephesus. He was a native of Alexandria, a man of great learning and well versed in the Scriptures.
Worrell New Testament Now a certain Jew, Apollos by name, an Alexandrian by birth, a learned man, came down to Ephesus; and he was mighty in the Scriptures.
Worsley New Testament Now there came to Ephesus a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, and mighty in the scriptures.
“’Out Of The Past' was the name of the store, and its products consisted of memories: what was prosaic and even vulgar to one generation had been transmuted by the mere passing of years to a status at once magical and also camp.”
This wonderful time-travel film, written and directed by Woody Allen was a virtual who’s who. Not only in the actors, but also in the artistic characters of the past. Gil Pender (Owen Wilson) is engaged to Inez (Rachel McAdams). This is the third time-travel story I have blogged about staring Rachel McAdams, but the first time this adorable actress was not a likable character
Gil was a failed Hollywood scriptwriter who was working on his novel. He was a dreamer and found inspiration in Paris, especially in the rain. Inez did not relate to this and would never let herself get wet or live in the French city. Gil believed in soulmates. Inez thought it was a ridiculous notion. She did not respect anything Gil liked. In fact, she was more taken with her friend, Paul (Michael Sheen), who is also visiting along with his wife Carol (Nina Arianda). Paul is a pretentious snob, know-it-all. One night, Gil decides he’s had enough of hanging around with Inez’s friends and decides to walk back to his hotel. He gets lost on the streets of Paris and sits down on some steps. The bells of a clock ring out midnight. Suddenly a vintage 1920’s Peugeot taxi pulls up and the people inside beckon him to go with them to a party.
He ends up at a party in 1920’s Paris where he meets notable American novelists, Zelda (Alison Pill) and F. Scott Fitzgerald (Tom Hiddleston). The Fitzgeralds are friendly and partiers, especially Zelda.
Gil is also taken by the piano player/singer who he comes to find out is none other than Cole Porter (Yves Heck) doing his famous song, Let’s Do it.
“Birds do it, bees do it Even educated fleas do it Let's do it, let's fall in love”
“Romantic sponges, they say, do it Oysters, down in oyster bay, do it Let's do it, let's fall in love”
To make a long, great story short, Gil ends up meeting many famous people who found it vogue to hone their crafts in the Parisian city in the Roaring Twenties. He asks Ernest Hemingway (Corey Stoll) to review his book, which is refused, so Hemingway offers to bring it to Gertrude Stein (Kathy Bates) who reads it and likes it. There, Gil meets Pablo Picasso (Marcial Di Fonzo Bo) and his mistress, Adriana (Marion Cotillard). Gil starts to fall for Adriana and continues to travel back to the ‘20s to date her.
Meanwhile, Gil is still engaged to Inez in the present day, who is more and more infatuated with Paul. In one scene she shushes Gil so that Paul can speak. Hemingway makes Gil wonder why he is even still engaged to Inez. Another aspect of Gil’s life Inez could not relate to was his love of antiques and nostalgia. On one trip with Inez and her friends, Gil walks over to a French female vendor playing Cole Porter on an antique Gramophone. Her name was Gabrielle (Léa Seydoux) He was impressed with her knowledge of things and music of the past.
Gil continues his Midnight strolls to the 1920s and dating Adriana. Gil believes this is the Golden Era, but Adriana, who lives in it believes the 1890s was the Golden Era. This film has time-travel within time-travel as a horse-drawn buggy comes along and transports them to the Gay Nineties. They go to the Moulin Rouge where they meet Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin, and Edgar Degas. (Vincent Menjou Cortes, Olivier Rabourdin, and François Rostain) However, these three believe the Renaissance era was the Golden Age. Gil ends up having an epiphany and realizes that despite the allure of nostalgia, any time can eventually become a dull "present", so it's best to embrace your actual present. Adriana however, elects to stay in the 1890s, and they part ways.
Other notable people Gil meets:
Josephine Baker (Sonia Rolland) Salvador Dalí (Adrien Brody) T. S. Eliot (David Lowe) Henri Matisse (Yves-Antoine Spoto) Leo Stein (Laurent Claret)
Spoiler:
Back in the present day, Inez admits to Gil that she slept with Paul, but dismisses it as meaningless. Gil leaves her and stays in Paris.
One night as Gil is walking around, he runs into Gabrielle, the antique vendor. She tells Gil she was thinking about him when a new set of Cole Porter records came in. It starts to rain and Gil acts concerned for her. But she tells him, it’s ok, she likes the rain. He asks to walk her home. It appeared Gabrielle was Gil’s true soulmate.
This is a wonderful film for those who love time-travel, France, classic literary figures, and artists. The casting was brilliant, especially of the historical figures.
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