Looking east from latitude 30 north on August 3rd, 30 minutes before sunrise. (Created by the author in Stellarium).
Can you feel the heat?
It’s not just your imagination. The northern hemisphere is currently in the midst of the Dog Days of Summer. For many, early August means hot, humid days and stagnant, sultry nights.
The actual dates for the Dog Days of Summer vary depending on the source, but are usually quoted as running from mid-July to mid-August. The Old Farmer’s Almanac lists the Dog Days as running from July 3rd through August 11th.
But there is an ancient astronomical observation that ties in with the Dog Days of Summer, one that you can replicate on these early August mornings.
The sky was important to the ancients. It told them when seasons were approaching, when to plant crops, and when to harvest. Ancient cultures were keen observers of the cycles in the sky. Cultures that were “astronomically literate” had a distinct edge over those who seldom bothered to note the goings on overhead.
The flooded Temple of Isis on the island of Philae circa 1905. (Credit: Wikimedia Commons under an Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 license. Author H.W. Dunning).
Sirius was a key star for Egyptian astronomers. Identified with the goddess Isis, the Egyptian name for Sirius was Sopdet, the deification of Sothis. There is a line penned by the Greco-Roman scholar Plutarch which states:
“The soul of Isis is called ‘Dog’ by the Greeks.”
Political commentary? A mis-translation by Greek scholars? Whatever the case, the mythological transition from “Isis to Sothis to Dog Star” seems to have been lost in time.
These astronomer-priests noted that Sirius rose with the Sun just prior to the annual flooding of the Nile. The appearance of a celestial object at sunrise is known as a heliacal rising. If you can recover Sirius from behind the glare of the Sun, you know that the “Tears of Isis” are on their way, in the form of life-giving flood waters.
Sopdet as the personification of Sirius (note the star on the forehead) Wikimedia Commons image under an Attribution Share Alike 3.0 license. Author Jeff Dahl).
In fact, the ancient Egyptians based their calendar on the appearance of Sirius and what is known as the Sothic cycle, which is a span of 1,461 sidereal years (365.25 x 4) in which the heliacal rising once again “syncs up” with the solar calendar.
It’s interesting to note that in 3000 BC, the heliacal rising of Sirius and the flooding of the Nile occurred around June 25th, near the summer solstice. This also marked the Egyptian New Year. Today it occurs within a few weeks of August 15th, owing to precession. (More on that in a bit!)
By the time of the Greeks, we start to see Sirius firmly referred to as the Dog Star. In Homer’s Iliad, King Priam refers to an advancing Achilles as:
“Blazing as the star that cometh forth at Harvest-time, shining forth amid the host of stars in the darkness of the night, the star whose name men call Orion’s Dog”
The Romans further promoted the canine branding for Sirius. You also see references to the “Dog Star” popping up in Virgil’s Aenid.
Over the years, scholars have also attempted to link the dog-headed god Anubis to Sirius. This transition is debated by scholars, and in his Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Richard Hinckley Allen casts doubt on the assertion.
Sirius as the shining “nose” of the constellation Canis Major. (Created by the author using Starry Night).
Ancient cultures also saw the appearance of Sirius as signifying the onset of epidemics. Their fears were well founded, as summer flooding would also hatch a fresh wave of malaria and dengue fever-carrying mosquitoes.
Making a seasonal sighting of Sirius is fun and easy to do. The star is currently low to the southeast in the dawn, and rises successively higher each morning as August rolls on.
The following table can be used to aid your quest in Sirius-spotting.
Latitude north
Theoretical date when Sirius can 1st be spotted
32°
August 3rd
33°
August 4th
34°
August 5th
35°
August 6th
36°
August 7th
37°
August 8th
38°
August 9th
39°
August 10th
40°
August 11th
41°
August 12th
42°
August 13th
43°
August 14th
44°
August 15th
45°
August 16th
46°
August 17th
47°
August 18th
48°
August 19th
49°
August 20th
50°
August 21st
Thanks to “human astronomical computer extraordinaire” Ed Kotapish for the compilation!
Note that the table above is perpetual for years in the first half of the 21st century. Our friend, the Precession of the Equinoxes pivots the equinoctial points to the tune of about one degree every 72 years. The Earth’s axis completes one full “wobble” approximately every 26,000 years. Our rotational pole only happens to be currently pointing at Polaris in our lifetimes. Its closest approach is around 2100 AD, after which the north celestial pole and Polaris will begin to drift apart. Mark your calendars—Vega will be the pole star in 13,727 AD. And to the ancient Egyptians, Thuban in the constellation Draco was the Pole Star!
The Colossi of Memnon Near Luxor, just one of the amazing architectural projects carried out by the ancient Egyptians. (Photo by author).
Keep in mind, atmospheric extinction is your enemy in this quest, as it will knock normally brilliant magnitude -1.46 Sirius a whopping 40 times in brightness to around magnitude +2.4.
Note that we have a nice line-up of planets in the dawn sky (see intro chart), which are joined by a waning crescent Moon this weekend. Jupiter and Mars ride high about an hour before sunrise, and if you can pick out Mercury at magnitude -0.5 directly below them, you should have a shot at spotting Sirius far to the south.
And don’t be afraid to “cheat” a little bit and use binoculars in your quest… we’ve even managed on occasion to track Sirius into the broad daylight. Just be sure to physically block the Sun behind a building or hill before attempting this feat!
Of course, the heliacal rising of Sirius prior to the flooding of the Nile was a convenient coincidence that the Egyptians used to their advantage. The ancients had little idea as to what they were seeing. At 8.6 light-years distant, Sirius is the brightest star in Earth’s sky during the current epoch. It’s also the second closest star visible to the naked eye from Earth. Only Alpha Centauri, located deep in the southern hemisphere sky is closer. The light you’re seeing from Sirius today left in early 2005, back before most of us had Facebook accounts.
Sirius also has a companion star, Sirius B. This star is the closest example of a white dwarf. Orbiting its primary once every 50 years, Sirius B has also been the center of a strange controversy we’ve explored in past writings concerning Dogon people of Mali.
Sirius B is difficult to nab in a telescope, owing to dazzling nearby Sirius A. This feat will get easier as Sirius B approaches apastron with a max separation of 11.5 arc seconds in 2025.
Some paleoastronomers have also puzzled over ancient records referring to Sirius as “red” in color. While some have stated that this might overturn current astrophysical models, a far more likely explanation is its position low to the horizon for northern hemisphere observers. Many bright stars can take on a twinkling ruddy hue when seen low in the sky due to atmospheric distortion.
Let the Dog Days of Summer (& astronomy) begin! (Photo by author).
All great facts to ponder during these Dog Days of early August, perhaps as the sky brightens during the dawn and your vigil for the Perseid meteors draws to an end!
Echa un vistazo a esta ruta de punto a punto de 3,9-km cerca de 1º Distrito, Paris. Por lo general, se considera una ruta fácil, que se tarda una media de 53 min en recorrer. Esta ruta es excelente para el ciclismo en carretera, correr y pasear, y es poco probable encontrarse con otras personas mientras se recorre. La ruta está abierta todo el año y es perfecta para visitar en cualquier momento. Los perros son bienvenidos, pero deben permanecer atados con correa.
Este itinerario, que parte de la estación de metro de Louvre-Rivoli, recorre algunos de los principales lugares de interés del centro de París. El paseo discurre a orillas del Sena, frente al célebre Museo del Louvre. A la altura de la pasarela Léopold Sédar-Senghor, el recorrido atraviesa el Jardín de las Tullerías antes de llegar a la Madeleine y a la Ópera, para terminar en la estación de metro Richelieu-Drouot.
Eratóstenes era hijo de Aglaos. Estudió en Alejandría y durante algún tiempo en Atenas. Fue discípulo de Aristón de Quíos, de Lisanias de Cirene y del poeta Calímaco y también gran amigo de Arquímedes. En el año 236 a. C., Ptolomeo III le llamó para que se hiciera cargo de la Biblioteca de Alejandría, puesto que ocupó hasta el fin de sus días. La Suda afirma que, tras perder la vista, se dejó morir de hambre a la edad de 80 años; sin embargo, Luciano dice que llegó a la edad de 82 años; también Censorinosostiene que falleció cuando tenía 82 años.
A Eratóstenes se le atribuye la invención, hacia 255 a. C., de la esfera armilar que aún se empleaba en el siglo XVII. Aunque debió de usar este instrumento para diversas observaciones astronómicas, sólo queda constancia de la que le condujo a la determinación de la oblicuidad de la eclíptica. Determinó que el intervalo entre los trópicos (el doble de la oblicuidad de la eclíptica) equivalía a los 11/83 de la circunferencia terrestre completa, resultando para dicha oblicuidad 23º 51' 19", cifra que posteriormente adoptaría el astrónomo Claudio Ptolomeo.
Según algunos historiadores, Eratóstenes obtuvo un valor de 24º y el refinamiento del resultado se debió hasta 11/83 al propio Ptolomeo. Además, según Plutarco, de sus observaciones astronómicas durante los eclipses dedujo que la distancia al Sol era de 804 000 000 estadios, la distancia a la Luna 780 000 estadios y, según Macrobio, que el diámetro del Sol era 27 veces mayor que el de la Tierra. Realmente el diámetro del Sol es 109 veces el de la Tierra y la distancia a la Luna es casi tres veces la calculada por Eratóstenes, pero el cálculo de la distancia al Sol, admitiendo que el estadio empleado fuera de 185 metros, fue de 148 752 060 km, muy similar a la unidad astronómica actual. A pesar de que se le atribuye frecuentemente la obra Katasterismoi, que contiene la nomenclatura de 44 constelaciones y 675 estrellas, los críticos niegan que fuera escrita por él, por lo que se suele designar Pseudo-Eratóstenes a su autor.
En el solsticio de verano, los rayos solares inciden perpendicularmente sobre Siena (Asuán). En Alejandría, más al norte, midiendo la altura de un edificio y la longitud de la sombra que proyecta, se puede determinar el ángulo formado con el plano de la eclíptica, en el que se encuentran el Sol y la ciudad de Siena, ángulo que es precisamente la diferencia de latitud entre ambas ciudades. Conocida ésta, basta medir el arco de circunferencia y extrapolar el resultado a la circunferencia completa (360º).
Reconstrucción del siglo XIX (según Bunbury) del mapa de Eratóstenes del mundo conocido en su época.
Sin embargo, el principal motivo de su celebridad es sin duda la determinación del tamaño de la Tierra. Para ello inventó y empleó un método trigonométrico, además de las nociones de latitud y longitud, al parecer ya introducidas por Dicearco, por lo que bien merece el título de padre de la geodesia.
Por referencias obtenidas de un papiro de su biblioteca, sabía que en Siena (hoy Asuán, Egipto) el día del solsticio de verano los objetos verticales no proyectaban sombra alguna y la luz alumbraba el fondo de los pozos; esto significaba que la ciudad estaba situada justamente sobre la línea del trópico y su latitud era igual a la de la eclíptica que ya conocía. Eratóstenes, suponiendo que Siena y Alejandría tenían la misma longitud (realmente distan 3º) y que el Sol se encontraba tan alejado de la Tierra que sus rayos podían suponerse paralelos, midió la sombra en Alejandría el mismo día del solsticio de verano al mediodía, demostrando que el cenit de la ciudad distaba 1/50 parte de la circunferencia, es decir, 7º 12' del de Alejandría. Según Cleomedes, Eratóstenes se sirvió del scaphium o gnomon (un protocuadrante solar) para el cálculo de dicha cantidad.
Posteriormente, tomó la distancia estimada por las caravanas que comerciaban entre ambas ciudades, aunque bien pudo obtener el dato en la propia Biblioteca de Alejandría, fijándola en 5000 estadios, de donde dedujo que la circunferencia de la Tierra era de 250 000 estadios, resultado que posteriormente elevó hasta 252 000 estadios, de modo que a cada grado correspondieran 700 estadios. También se afirma que Eratóstenes, para calcular la distancia entre las dos ciudades, se valió de un regimiento de soldados que diera pasos de tamaño uniforme y los contara.
Admitiendo que Eratóstenes usase el estadio ático-italiano de 184.8 m, que era el que solía utilizarse por los griegos de Alejandría en aquella época, el error cometido sería de 6.192 kilómetros (un 15 %). Sin embargo, hay quien defiende que empleó el estadio egipcio (300 codos de 52,4 cm), en cuyo caso la circunferencia polar calculada hubiera sido de 39614 km, frente a los 40008 km considerados en la actualidad, es decir, un error de menos del 1%.
Ahora bien, es imposible que Eratóstenes diera con la medida exacta de la circunferencia de la Tierra debido a errores en los supuestos que calculó. Tuvo que haber tenido un margen de error considerable y por lo tanto no pudo haber usado el estadio egipcio:2
Supuso que la Tierra es perfectamente esférica, lo que no es cierto. Un grado de latitud no representa exactamente la misma distancia en todas las latitudes, sino que varía ligeramente de 110,57 km en el Ecuador hasta 111,7 km en los Polos. Por eso no podemos suponer que 7º entre Alejandría y Siena representen la misma distancia que 7º en cualquier otro lugar a lo largo de todo el meridiano.
Supuso que Siena y Alejandría se encontraban situadas sobre un mismo meridiano, lo cual no es así, ya que hay una diferencia de 3 grados de longitud entre ambas ciudades.
La distancia real entre Alejandría y Siena (hoy Asuán) no es de 924 km (5000 estadios ático-italiano de 184,8 m por estadio), sino de 843 km (distancia aérea y entre los centros de las dos ciudades), lo que representa una diferencia de 81 km.
Realmente Siena no está ubicada exactamente sobre el paralelo del trópico de cáncer (los puntos donde los rayos del sol caen verticalmente a la tierra en el solsticio de verano). Actualmente se encuentra situada a 72 km (desde el centro de la ciudad). Pero debido a que las variaciones del eje de la Tierra fluctúan entre 22,1 y 24,5º en un período de 41000 años, hace 2000 años se encontraba a 41 km.
La medida de la sombra que se proyectó sobre la vara de Eratóstenes hace 2.200 años debió ser de 7,5º o 1/48 parte de una circunferencia y no 7,2º o 1/50 parte. Puesto que en aquella época no existía el cálculo trigonométrico, para calcular el ángulo de la sombra, Eratóstenes pudo haberse valido de un compás,3 para medir directamente dicho ángulo, lo que no permite una medida tan precisa.
“’Out Of The Past' was the name of the store, and its products consisted of memories: what was prosaic and even vulgar to one generation had been transmuted by the mere passing of years to a status at once magical and also camp.”
This wonderful time-travel film, written and directed by Woody Allen was a virtual who’s who. Not only in the actors, but also in the artistic characters of the past. Gil Pender (Owen Wilson) is engaged to Inez (Rachel McAdams). This is the third time-travel story I have blogged about staring Rachel McAdams, but the first time this adorable actress was not a likable character
Gil was a failed Hollywood scriptwriter who was working on his novel. He was a dreamer and found inspiration in Paris, especially in the rain. Inez did not relate to this and would never let herself get wet or live in the French city. Gil believed in soulmates. Inez thought it was a ridiculous notion. She did not respect anything Gil liked. In fact, she was more taken with her friend, Paul (Michael Sheen), who is also visiting along with his wife Carol (Nina Arianda). Paul is a pretentious snob, know-it-all. One night, Gil decides he’s had enough of hanging around with Inez’s friends and decides to walk back to his hotel. He gets lost on the streets of Paris and sits down on some steps. The bells of a clock ring out midnight. Suddenly a vintage 1920’s Peugeot taxi pulls up and the people inside beckon him to go with them to a party.
He ends up at a party in 1920’s Paris where he meets notable American novelists, Zelda (Alison Pill) and F. Scott Fitzgerald (Tom Hiddleston). The Fitzgeralds are friendly and partiers, especially Zelda.
Gil is also taken by the piano player/singer who he comes to find out is none other than Cole Porter (Yves Heck) doing his famous song, Let’s Do it.
“Birds do it, bees do it Even educated fleas do it Let's do it, let's fall in love”
“Romantic sponges, they say, do it Oysters, down in oyster bay, do it Let's do it, let's fall in love”
To make a long, great story short, Gil ends up meeting many famous people who found it vogue to hone their crafts in the Parisian city in the Roaring Twenties. He asks Ernest Hemingway (Corey Stoll) to review his book, which is refused, so Hemingway offers to bring it to Gertrude Stein (Kathy Bates) who reads it and likes it. There, Gil meets Pablo Picasso (Marcial Di Fonzo Bo) and his mistress, Adriana (Marion Cotillard). Gil starts to fall for Adriana and continues to travel back to the ‘20s to date her.
Meanwhile, Gil is still engaged to Inez in the present day, who is more and more infatuated with Paul. In one scene she shushes Gil so that Paul can speak. Hemingway makes Gil wonder why he is even still engaged to Inez. Another aspect of Gil’s life Inez could not relate to was his love of antiques and nostalgia. On one trip with Inez and her friends, Gil walks over to a French female vendor playing Cole Porter on an antique Gramophone. Her name was Gabrielle (Léa Seydoux) He was impressed with her knowledge of things and music of the past.
Gil continues his Midnight strolls to the 1920s and dating Adriana. Gil believes this is the Golden Era, but Adriana, who lives in it believes the 1890s was the Golden Era. This film has time-travel within time-travel as a horse-drawn buggy comes along and transports them to the Gay Nineties. They go to the Moulin Rouge where they meet Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin, and Edgar Degas. (Vincent Menjou Cortes, Olivier Rabourdin, and François Rostain) However, these three believe the Renaissance era was the Golden Age. Gil ends up having an epiphany and realizes that despite the allure of nostalgia, any time can eventually become a dull "present", so it's best to embrace your actual present. Adriana however, elects to stay in the 1890s, and they part ways.
Other notable people Gil meets:
Josephine Baker (Sonia Rolland) Salvador Dalí (Adrien Brody) T. S. Eliot (David Lowe) Henri Matisse (Yves-Antoine Spoto) Leo Stein (Laurent Claret)
Spoiler:
Back in the present day, Inez admits to Gil that she slept with Paul, but dismisses it as meaningless. Gil leaves her and stays in Paris.
One night as Gil is walking around, he runs into Gabrielle, the antique vendor. She tells Gil she was thinking about him when a new set of Cole Porter records came in. It starts to rain and Gil acts concerned for her. But she tells him, it’s ok, she likes the rain. He asks to walk her home. It appeared Gabrielle was Gil’s true soulmate.
This is a wonderful film for those who love time-travel, France, classic literary figures, and artists. The casting was brilliant, especially of the historical figures.
It’s about the discovery of an astounding system of literal ‘rivers of time’, which may even be described as the ‘fingerprints of the gods’. It is a planetary ‘Rosetta Stone’ for decoding history or even ‘reality’ itself. Sounds overly grandiose? Yes, but it’s not necessarily an exaggeration given the nature of the discovery.
Proving the existence of the ‘Time Rivers’ has explosive implications. And the claim here is that this has indeed been done. But that’s just the beginning of the story. What the ‘Time Rivers’ tell us - about who we are and everything else - is equally, if not more, profound.
The Time River Theory (TRT) is ultimately about the discovery and decoding of the ‘blueprint’ of reality - a blueprint that was literally carved on this planet by an unknown high intelligence. This is a brand new field just activated in 2003 via the publication of The Time Rivers. It’s about time we opened up the Gateway... to a new dimension.
To get a little more specific, here is an abbreviated list of what the Time River Theory is about and what it reveals (at least in the book The Time Rivers):
A grand system of literal ‘rivers of time’ flowing on our planet, created by some mysterious, higher intelligence.
The intricate ‘Time River scheme’ produced by the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Mississippi, etc. showing us the entire timeline of human civilization, both past and future.
Solutions to deep ancient mysteries of Egypt, Sumer, and even Mars.
Encoded ‘messages’ revealing extraterrestrial and/or extra-temporal origins of human civilization.
The 21st century being specifically pinpointed as the edge of time, when a ‘timegate’ opens up to bring mankind back to the realm of ‘Genesis’.
Tangible and unique solutions to the biblical events of Genesis such as Creation, the fallen angels, the Great Flood, the Ark, etc.
An encoded timeline of the United States anticipating ‘9/11’, an event suggested to mark the ‘end’ of the United States.
Please note that the the theory is extensive and still rapidly evolving, thus the above should be viewed as only the tip of the iceberg.
To learn more about the TRT, please see The Nile Decode - a paper posted online revealing the basic components of the thesis.
Current Status
A lot of very positive feedback has been received from those who have read The Time Rivers and/or The Nile Decoded. Some samples are posted here.
What about the reaction of the 'alternative history' crowd? How are they responding to the 'quantum leap' that the TRT would represent to their field? The answer to this question is not yet clear since the theory was revealed only recently and is not yet widely known. But the anticipation here is that the reaction would be more or less mixed. Because the Time River Theory is something that radically shifts the whole paradigm, there will probably be those in the field who are perhaps just too 'old' (at least mentally) to keep up with the sudden and rapid movement forward. And this is fine; the Time River system is a discovery for a new generation of truth seekers who maintain a fresh mind capable of clear and creative thinking.
There is actually so much more to the Time River scheme than made available so far (including the book), which is undoubtedly contributing to the tone of confidence expressed here. Hopefully there are many of you who can intuitively sense this 'energy' lurking just beneath the surface... It's all getting ready to come out now. If not already, please study the available material, understand the implications, and... well, join the revolution!
Tema anterior
The flooded Temple of Isis on the island of Philae circa 1905. (Credit: Wikimedia Commons under an Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 license. Author H.W. Dunning).
Sopdet as the personification of Sirius (note the star on the forehead) Wikimedia Commons image under an Attribution Share Alike 3.0 license. Author Jeff Dahl).
Sirius as the shining “nose” of the constellation Canis Major. (Created by the author using Starry Night).
The Colossi of Memnon Near Luxor, just one of the amazing architectural projects carried out by the ancient Egyptians. (Photo by author).
Sirius as seen via Hubble- can you spy Sirius B? (Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble image).
Let the Dog Days of Summer (& astronomy) begin! (Photo by author).
A grand system of literal 
