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De: BARILOCHENSE6999  (message original) Envoyé: 01/01/2024 15:55



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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 15/05/2024 15:10
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Israel has a history of manufacturing terrorist attacks & blaming it on  Arabs - The King David Hotel Bombing Of July 22nd, 1946 ????️, ., ., ., .,  #zionist #zionists #???? #kingdavidhotel ...
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Just after midday on July 22, 1946, Zionist terrorists, under the leadership of Menachem Begin, set the fuses on bombs planted in the basement of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. At 12:37 a huge explosion ripped through the building, killing 91 people. Among the dead were 25 Britons, 41 Arabs, and 17 Jews.
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Réponse  Message 10 de 23 de ce thème 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 07/06/2024 02:09
12. A summary of alignments so far, and a few new ones

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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 17/06/2024 16:48
Jw.org is a Dangerous Cult!!: Parallel beliefs between Masons and Jehovah's  Witnesses

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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 18/06/2024 13:16
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Did You Know About the Relics of the Three Wise Men?

When I was in college, I journeyed to Cologne, Germany and visited the city’s glorious cathedral. I was a Protestant at the time, but I remember being amazed that people had been building this cathedral for so many centuries. It is one of the greatest Gothic churches of all time.

St Peter and St Mary Cathedral in Cologne, Germany

A tour guide informed me that the bodies of the three Wise Men were enshrined inside. I wasn’t much impressed by the remains of dead people, but this was something that perked my interest – the earthly remains of “we three kings of orient are.” It was perhaps my first investigation into one of those things that Protestants find icky: relics.

According to legend, the bodies of Gaspar, Balthasar, and Melchior (the traditional names of the Wise Men) were discovered by Saint Helena during her pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The fourteenth century account by John of Hildesheim entitled History of the Three Kings explains how Queen Saint Helen brought the mummies of the Magi to Constantinople.

After she had found the bodies of Melchior, Balthazar, and Gaspar, Queen Helen put them into one chest and ornamented it with great riches, and she brought them into Constantinople.

Later, the three mummies were transferred from Constantinople to Milan. The city of Milan was once known for its festive observance of the feast of Epiphany, and the presence of the three Wise Men’s relics in that city may be the context and origin for this ancient custom. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick moved the mummified Magi one last time to Cologne in AD 1164 where they rest till this day. If you get to Germany, be sure to check it out.

Photo of the golden casket of the three Wise Men

Are the bones of three Wise Men really in Germany? God only knows…but I like to think so. And remember: Wise Men still seek Jesus.

You may also like:

https://taylormarshall.com/2010/01/did-you-know-about-relics-of-three-wise.html

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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 26/09/2024 02:15
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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 14/10/2024 02:57
Juan 1:42 (kjv) - And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus be...
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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 31/10/2024 03:16
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Réponse  Message 16 de 23 de ce thème 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 31/10/2024 05:01
Let’s discuss the Holy Grail story and its presence in ancient legends. Explore lost books and their connections, Hollywood movies, and literature like Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code.
The Holy Grail Story

Backstory — The Holy Grail:-

The Holy Grail Story is told in ancient legends such as King Arthur and the Round Table. Meanwhile, Hollywood blockbuster movies like “Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade” and (Dan Brown’s) “The Da Vinci Code” are today’s topics to discuss. These stories are defined in different aspects. They believe in a relic with supernatural powers that dates back to Christ. Furthermore, others believe the Grail is a miraculous “stone” or the sacred bloodline that carries Jesus’ blood.

But how many realities and secrets are hidden in these myths? We combine history and folk tales with science to investigate places and some of the literature. We also justify forgotten information to highlight this fantastic subject. Now it’s time to explore lost books and define major and incredible connections in our content.

 
BLOODY FATE of the Knights Templar Revealed | Buried: Knights Templar and Holy Grail

Here is a small reference to the previous article:-

Our last post highlighted “Rise TV Friday Night Live Show.” Rise TV is a unique streaming network that offers entertaining and inspiring shows, providing a refreshing escape from the negativity and confusion of the daily news cycle.

The Chalice Grail, the Church, and the Legend of Merlin and King Arthur:-

In infamous texts and journals, the Holy Grail is seen as a powerful item capable of granting unchanging life. These journals also describe abundance, healing, desires, and unlimited youth to its bearer.

According to traditional Christian belief, the chalice was held during the Last Supper as Jesus Christ used it as the holy Grail. Later, his blood was collected on the same chalice during his crucifixion. Some churches worldwide still claim to be the piece’s guardians and this chain of events gave the item its supernatural “powers.”

Centuries later, Robert de Boron and Parsifal by Chretien de Troyes and Wolfram von Eschenbach revived the Holy Grail tale in works like Merlin. These people identified themselves as poets and minstrels. But they were told the holy grail story that continues today and the story is full of difficulties and secrets. Their exceptional works slowly uncover these special tales brick by brick.

These poets described famous mythological Knight Templars such as King Arthur and his Round Table allies. A beginning and a spiritual trip continually described The Holy Grail hunt, the same as defined in legends. According to these legendary tales, the Knights Templars must show their purity of heart, and worth to face many trials and difficulties on their path.

The Living Grail, or Christ’s Bloodline:-

History explains that the sacred bloodline of “Jesus Christ” has been a controversial theory. However, it has recently achieved across-the-board attention because of Dan Brown’s writings. For centuries several authors have researched connecting this myth to find possible evidence. They searched for the secrets of the holy grail in monasteries, and libraries, and wrote chronicles for proof.

Also read this story on vocal media: the holy grail story & fall of knights Templar

Some authors and academics believe in this theory. After settling in Europe, José de Arimathea established a hidden bloodline “The Protectors of the Sangreal”. The family through this bloodline is considered a direct descendant of holy Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. According to this theory, the power and monarchy of Christ’s blood are also assumed as The Living Grail or its carrier.

The Catholic Church regards Christ’s ancestry as a hidden secret. They attempted to hide the reality that Jesus Christ had a wife, “Mary Magdalene” and their child still exists today. Perhaps, a group of people who had saved the family from potential harm and assassination. Because it was necessary to protect the holy family. On the other side of the story, the Church was also required to retain power through the Roman Empire.

Mythology mentions that the Merovingian dynasty was another element. So, they controlled France from the fifth to the eighth centuries. Historians assumed that the Merovingians were descended from Jesus Christ and his wife Mary Magdalene. This secret bloodline is known as “Sangreal”. The history mentioned Merovingian kings as “The Holy Kings”. Perhaps they were gifted with heavenly authority because they proudly carried Jesus Christ’s holy blood in their veins.

The history mentioned Merovingian kings as “The Holy Kings”. Perhaps they were gifted with heavenly authority because they proudly carried Jesus Christ’s holy blood in their veins.

The “STONE” or Alchemical Grail (Philosopher’s Stone):-

One of our research’s most fascinating authors Wolfram von Eschenbach provided fresh proof of the Grail Legend. This proof defined “the Grail as a stone”, “not a chalice” or “a bloodline”.

Wolfram von Eschenbach’s mythology explains a historical belief. This mythology proves that the Grail Stone was made of a substance known as “Lapis exilis” or “Exile Stone.” It presumably fell from the sky in the form of a meteor. According to this German composer, this stone was the Grail’s source of power and vitality. Only the holy people with a pure heart and noble intentions may approach it and use its abilities.

The legend of the Chintamani Stone of Asia is shockingly similar to this narrative. The legend of the Emerald of Lucifer is also comparable to the previous theory which we will explore in future articles. It is said that The Stone had therapeutic abilities like other stories. The holy stone had to cure wounds and diseases, grant desires, and deliver visions for spiritual acknowledgements.

The Establishment and Early History of the Knights Templar:-

The Knights Templar were formed about 1119 and received papal approval in 1129. It was a Catholic military order in which participants combined martial prowess with a monastic lifestyle to protect Christian sacred sites and pilgrims in the Middle East and beyond. The Templars, headquartered in Jerusalem and later Acre, were a significant and elite component of Crusader armies.

The Knights Templar eventually grew to be a powerful organization, controlling castles and territory throughout the Levant and Europe. Accused of heresy, corruption, and forbidden acts, the order was assailed by French king Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) on Friday, October 13, 1307, and officially dissolved by Pope Clement V (r. 1305–1314) in 1312.

Foundation and Early History:-

The order was founded around 1119 when seven knights, led by Hugh of Payns, a French knight and nobleman from Champagne, vowed to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem and the Holy Land, forming a brotherhood that took monastic vows, including vows of poverty and lived in an enclosed community with a set of rules of conduct.

In 1120, Baldwin II, the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (r. 1118–1131), offered the knights his palace, the old Aqsa Mosque on Jerusalem’s Temple Mount, to serve as headquarters. Because the structure was generally referred to as ‘The Temple of Solomon’, the brotherhood swiftly became known as ‘the Order of the Knights of the Temple of Solomon’ or simply the ‘Knights Templar’.

The Templars were formerly considered a branch of the Cistercians until Pope Honorius II (r. 1124–1130) officially recognized them as an order at the Council of Troyes in January 1129 (the first such military organization to be established). In 1145, knights of the order received authorization to wear the white hooded mantle that Cistercian monks had created.

The knights quickly adopted their unique white cloak and began to utilize the symbol of a red cross on a white background. Fighting was not prohibited by Catholic dogma as long as the purpose was just — the Wars of the Crusades and defense of the Holy Land being prime examples — and hence the organization got official Church endorsement. Templar knights fought their first significant combat against Muslims in 1147, during the Second Crusade (1147–1149).

Since the mid-12th era, the Templars have expanded their power by fighting in crusade battles in Iberia (the ‘Retake’) for different rulers in Spain and Portugal. By the 13th century, the Knights Templar held lands from England to Bohemia and had evolved into a truly multinational military organization with enormous resources (personnel, weaponry, equipment, and a sizable maritime fleet).

The Templars had devised a paradigm that would be followed by other military organizations such as the Teutonic Knights and Knights Hospitaller. However, there was one area where the Templars excelled: banking.

The Templars had devised a paradigm that would be followed by other military organizations such as the Teutonic Knights and Knights Hospitaller. However, there was one area where the Templars excelled: banking.

Uniform and Rules of the Knights Templar:-

Knights swore vows upon entering the order, similar to those taken in monasteries, but less rigorous and without the requirement to always remain in their communal quarters. The most essential commitment was obedience to the Grand Master; attendance at church services was required, as was celibacy, and community meals were provided (which occasionally included meat).

Worldly pleasures were not permitted, including such classically knightly pursuits as hunting and hawking, as well as not wearing the showy apparel and armaments that conventional knights were known for. Belts, for example, were frequently used as a means of ornamentation, but the Templars wore a simple wool cord belt to represent virginity.

Knights Templar wore a white coat and cloak over their armor, as previously stated, and a crimson cross on their left breast. The red cross appears in the horse livery and the order’s banner. This set them apart from the Knights Hospitaller (who wore a white cross on a black backdrop) and the Teutonic Knights (who wore a black cross on a white background).

Templar protection, in contrast, was often white with a broad black horizontal line over the top. Sergeants donned a brown or black cape or cloak. Another distinguishing aspect of the Templars was that they uniformly grew beards and had short hair.

Criticism, Trial, and Abolition:-

Western monarchs became leery of military instructions as they began to collect a vast network of holdings and cash reserves. The Templars, like other military orders, had long been accused of misusing their privileges and exploiting their financial affairs to maximize profit. They were charged with corruption, as well as excessive pride and greed. Critics claimed they led a leisurely life and wasted money that could have been spent preparing troops for the Holy War.

They were accused of squandering resources to compete with competing orders, particularly the Hospitallers. There was also the ancient belief that monks and warriors were an incompatible mix. Some even lambasted the directive for focusing solely on removing Muslims rather than converting them. The majority of these critiques were based on a lack of knowledge about the order’s operations, a distortion of their true wealth, and a general sense of jealousy and suspicion.

By the end of the 13th century, many people believed that the military orders were too independent for everyone’s benefit and that combining them into a single body would be the best way to make them more responsive to the Church and individual state rulers.

Then, beginning around 1307, much more serious accusations were leveled against the Templars. They were accused of denying Christ’s divinity, as well as the crucifixion and cross. There were rumors that initiation into the brotherhood entailed trampling, spitting, and peeing on a crucifix. These charges were made public, especially by the French government.

Ordinary clergy were also jealous of the order’s rights, such as burial, which might be a valuable sideline for any local church. The governmental and religious establishments.

Ordinary clergy were also jealous of the order’s rights, such as burial, which might be a valuable sideline for any local church. The governmental and religious establishments.

What does the Knights Templar have to do with it…?

During the 12th century the Crusades era this order had been created. An armed and religious order of the Knights Templars officially came into existence. They defended the Christian people who came to Jerusalem. One of the most powerful and prominent Middle Ages orders had settled by this time. So, they accumulated money and property throughout Europe.

The Grail stories mentioned above (von Eschenbach, de Boron, and de Troyes) originated in the same period. Fresh evidence mentioned in studies is gaining attention. So, the association of the Templars with the Holy Grail is a repeating topic in several stories. In this scenario, everyone agreed with the story almost unanimously that the Templars were the guardians of the Grail (artefact or bloodline).

The Knights Templars came extinct in 1307, according to official history. There was a horrible time for the Templars. When French King Philip IV launched a campaign to eradicate them and seize their extensive treasures. The King accused the order of sinful behaviours like demon worship and heresy against the Catholic Church. They were also suspected of holding secret ceremonies involving the “Grail”.

The charges were based mainly on under-tortured statements. Philip IV also assembled a council to judge the Templars under his power from Pope Clement V. Most of the members of this order were captured, tortured, and executed. Unfortunately in 1314, Jacques de Molay the founder of the Knights Templars was burned alive at the stake.

A famous chronicle tells us. Before “Master of the Templers” de Molay’s death, he warned his accusers, including King Philip IV and Pope Clement V. He foretold them, they would perish before the year’s end. And true to his words, it happened.

A famous chronicle tells us. Before “Master of the Templers” de Molay’s death, he warned his accusers, including King Philip IV and Pope Clement V. He foretold them, they would perish before the year’s end. And true to his words, it happened.

Final Thoughts:-

We witnessed several theories concerning the Holy Grail but some of the stories were quite surprising like the Knights Templars story. We don’t want to convince a new one that one version is superior to the other, or even that it exists. It is up to each individual to consider the values of the information and use their conclusions.

We find the encouragement of legend and oral tradition with questions that matter more: What was the real purpose of the Knights Templar?

  • Could a mysterious organization have instructed The Knights Templers?
  • Why did they live only atop the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and fortify themselves there for years before being destroyed?
  • Was the Holy Grail frankly an object? Why do different religions and beliefs hold similar stories about this artefact?
  • Would the Knights Templar be extinct, or do they still exist today with the same mission and symbolism in various camouflages?
  • Soon, we shall be going on a journey that will bring us direct contact with these stories. The truth is out there!
https://medium.com/@risetvofficial/the-holy-grail-story-and-its-relations-the-fall-of-the-knights-templar-9cd0bbc97711

Réponse  Message 17 de 23 de ce thème 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 02/11/2024 04:09
The Empty Tomb John 20:1-9 Pastor Keone. - ppt download

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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 18/11/2024 03:51
9/11 photos: Then and now, Lower Manhattan 20 years later | PIX11
Raising Lazarus (Pt.2) (11:1-57). JOHN 11:7-16 Then after this he said to  the disciples, "Let us go to Judea again." The disciples said to him,  "Rabbi, - ppt download
John 11 - Holy Bible English - BibleWordings.com
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John 11:8 "Rabbi," they replied, "the Jews just tried to stone You, and You  are going back there?"
John 11:16 Then Thomas called Didymus said to his fellow disciples, "Let us  also go, so that we may die with Him."
John 11 - Holy Bible English - BibleWordings.com
John 11:9 KJV
Remembering September 11
FORGIVENESS and the Meaning of 9/11 (Sept. 11) - Explaining the Faith -  YouTube
John 11:9 Jesus answered, "Are there not twelve hours of daylight? If  anyone walks in the daytime, he will not stumble, because he sees by the  light of this world.
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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 01/12/2024 15:29
Energía Cinética - Concepto, tipos y ejemplos

Respuesta Ocultar Mensaje Eliminar Mensaje  Mensaje 39 de 43 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 20/01/2021 16:51
energia cinetica y potencial - Buscar con Google | Energía cinética, Energia  electrica, Tipos de energia

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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 25/02/2025 17:15
 

Episode 134

n 1854 a slab of marble donated by Pope Pius IX arrived in Washington, D.C. He had it engraved “A Roma Americae,” or “From Rome to America,” as a sign of goodwill. He had sent it over to be included in the Washington Monument, which was then under construction. Many foreign governments had sent similar contributions to honor America’s first president. The Know Nothings, however, had no intention of allowing a gift from the Pope to be included in the Washington Monument. They were certain the stone was a sign of darker intentions by the Pope. So on March 9, 1854, under cover of darkness, a group of these anti-Catholics broke into the yard, stole the stone, and after damaging it with hammers they dropped it in the Potomac River. No one was ever credibly accused of the crime, despite reward offers and a public outcry. Many years later, however, after a tip, the stone was discovered… only to disappear again. But today, there is a stone from the Pope in the Washington Monument, this one was provided by Pope John Paul II in 1982.

https://americancatholichistory.org/the-popes-stone-and-the-washington-monument/

Réponse  Message 21 de 23 de ce thème 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 26/02/2025 16:04

Albert Einstein Memorial

 
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Albert Einstein Memorial
Map
Designer Robert Berks
Type Bronze sculpture
Completion date 1979
Dedicated to Albert Einstein

The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue by sculptor Robert Berks, depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand. It is located in central Washington, D.C., United States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Two replicas exist at the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Life

[edit]

The memorial, situated in an elm and holly grove in the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences, was unveiled at the Academy's annual meeting, April 22, 1979, in honor of the centennial of Einstein's birth. At the dedication ceremony, physicist John Archibald Wheeler described the statue as "a monument to the man who united space and time into space-time...a remembrance of the man who taught us...that the universe does not go on from everlasting to everlasting, but begins with a bang."[1] The memorial is a popular spot for tourists visiting the national mall to pose for pictures.[2]

Replica of the 1979 monument in the academy garden of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

The statue depicts Einstein seated in casual repose on a three-step bench of Mount Airy (North Carolina) white granite. The bronze figure weighs approximately 4 tons and is 12 feet in height. The monument is supported by three caissons, totaling 135 tons, sunk in bedrock to a depth of 23 to 25 feet.,[3] It was cast at Modern Art Foundry, Astoria Queens, NY.

The sculptor, Robert Berks, known for his portrait busts and statues (John F. Kennedy at the Kennedy CenterMary McLeod Bethune in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C.), based the work on a bust of Einstein he sculpted from life in 1953 at Einstein's Princeton home. Landscape architect James A. Van Sweden designed the monument landscaping.[3]

Einstein was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 1922, the year after he won the Nobel Prize in physics, and became a member of the Academy in 1942, two years after he became a naturalized American citizen.[3]

Berks created two replicas of his 1979 monument. One of the replicas can presently be viewed in the academy garden of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities; another on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia.[4]

Platform

[edit]
The Einstein Memorial seen from the side.

The statue and bench are at one side of a circular dais, 28 feet (8.5 m) in diameter, made from emerald-pearl granite from Larvik, Norway. Embedded in the dais are more than 2,700 metal studs representing the location of astronomical objects, including the sunmoonplanets, 4 asteroids, 5 galaxies, 10 quasars, and many stars at noon on April 22, 1979, when the memorial was dedicated. The studs are different sizes to denote the apparent magnitude of the relevant object, and different studs denote binary starsspectroscopic binariespulsarsglobular clustersopen clusters, and quasars. The celestial objects were accurately positioned by astronomers at the U.S. Naval Observatory. Familiar constellations are marked on the map for easy identification.[1]

To a visitor standing at the center of the dais, Einstein appears to be making direct eye contact, and any spoken words are notably amplified.

Description

[edit]

Engraved as though written on the papers held in the statue's left hand are three equations, summarizing three of Einstein's most important scientific advances:

Along the back of the bench, behind the statue, three famous quotations from the scientist are inscribed. They were selected to reflect Einstein's sense of wonder, scientific integrity, and concern for social justice.[1] They are :

  • "As long as I have any choice in the matter, I shall live only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail."
  • "Joy and amazement at the beauty and grandeur of this world of which man can just form a faint notion ..."
  • "The right to search for truth implies also a duty; one must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to be true."
[edit]

The statue was filmed and subsequently used in the opening title sequence of Sesame Street during the show's 20th season.

A copy of the Albert Einstein Memorial made of 100% dark and white chocolate was once on display in the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, DC.[5]

In July 2012, the sculpture was yarn bombed by the Polish-born artist Olek, who enclosed the entire statue in a colorful crocheted wrap of pinks, purples, and teal.[6]

See also

[edit]

Réponse  Message 22 de 23 de ce thème 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 02/03/2025 15:29
Place de la Concorde Paris Historical Axis by French Moments
Pin on RIsas de Instagram
Resultado de imagen para MARTIN MC FLY BABY

MAGDALENA

Post by shipstamps » Tue Nov 18, 2008 4:27 pm

 

Not much is know about the caravel, where and when built unknown.
Tonnage 200 ton, dim. 85 x 25 x 14ft. (draught)
Four masts, fore and main mast square rigged, mizzen and Bonaventura mast lateen rigged.

She was the flagship of Don Pedro de Mendoza (1487-1537) expedition to the River Plata.
Mendoza held a post in the court of Charles V, when he in 1534 made an offer to Emperor Charles V to make an expedition on his own account for the discovery and conquest of Paraguay and the countries on the Rio La Plata.
24 August 1534 Mendoza on board the MAGDALENA and 13 other vessels, with 3000 men set sail from San Lucar, Spain.
Receive from the Emperor before sailing 2.000 ducats, with the condition, when he transported to the new founded colonies 1000 colonists and 100 horses, build a road to the Pacific Ocean, erect three forts within two years he would receive 2.000 ducats more. Also he had to take 8 monks, a physician, a surgeon, and an apothecary, but he was forbidden to introduce a lawyer in the colony.
He was to have half the treasure of the chiefs killed and nine-tenths of the ransom.
Mendoza was made before sailing military governor of all the territory between the Rio de la Plata and the Strait of Magellan. The office of the Governor was also made hereditary.

Off the coast of Brazil the fleet was scattered in a heavy storm, and Medoza lieutenant Osario, was assassinated, according to some authorities by the orders of Mendoza himself because of suspected disloyalty.
1535 Mendoza sailed up the Rio de la Plata, and founded Buenos Aires on 02 February 1536.
He erected two forts there to defend the place.
Pestilence broke out and the natives became unfriendly after ill treatment by the Spaniards.
His brother Don Diego led a force against the hostile tribes, but was killed with three-fourths of his men.
A general conspiracy of the natives was formed, and Buenos Aires was captured and burned by the natives.
Mendoza retired to the forth Sanctus-Spiritus, from where he dispatched Juan de Ayolas to explore the upper part of the river.
Another brother, Gonzalo arrived with reinforcements and founded the city of Ascención in Paraguay in 1536.
Mendoza, disappointed and with a broken health, embarked on board the MAGDALENA for Spain in 1537, leaving Juan de Ayolas in charge.
During the long voyage to Spain he died maniac on board the MAGDALENA on 23 June 1537.

The fate of the MAGDALENA is not known.

Argentine 1979 400p + 400p sg 1646

Source: mostly copied from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Mendoza http://famousamericans.net/pedrodemendoza
https://shipstamps.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6731

Réponse  Message 23 de 23 de ce thème 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Envoyé: 31/03/2025 15:07

Dimensions of the Cheops-pyramid (Khufu's pyramid)

Numbers and figures of the Cheops (Khufu) pyramid:
The pyramid of Khufu - Output / performance - Building material - Dimensions of the pyramid - Dimensions in Royal Cubits - Sources

 

 Cheops-pyramid (pyramid of Khufu)

Of the the famous Seven Wonders of the Ancient World the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) at Giza is the only one still standing. Even for modern men it is amazing how this man-made structure lasted so long.

The Giza pyramids must have made an incredible visual impact - at the edge of the desert three abstract geometrical symbols were rising, huge luminous white triangles reflecting the blinding light of the sun!

The pyramids on the Giza plateau are with 146.59m (Khufu / Cheops) and 143.87m (Khafre / Chefren) respectively the largest, however there are over 30 major pyramids and a myriad of smaller pyramids in Egypt.

 

Cheops-Pyramid
1. Entrance 2. Entrance cut by grave robbers 3. Subterranean chamber 4. Grand Gallery 5. King's chamber, relieving chambers, granite portcullis slabs 6. Queen's chamber 7. Shaft 8. Limestone plugging the air shaft A= "Air shafts"

 

 Output / performance

 Detailed calculations how many workers were necessary to build the pyramid
 Overview pyramid building

Builder
-------------------
  Khufu (Chuefui-Chnum or Khnum-Khuf, Cheops in Greek) during the 4th dynasty of the old kingdom
Time to build   Probably max. 23 years (Khufu reigned from  2551 to 2528 before Christ *). Herodotus writes about 10 years of preparation and 20 years of building (details of the text)
Per day   With 2'500'000 stones 342 stones have to be moved daily (working during 365 days a year) or 431 stones daily (working during 290 days a year).

Per minute

 

10-hour day: every 2 minutes a stone (34 to 43 per hour)
8-hour day: nearly a stone every minute (42 to 53 stones per hour)

Rule of thumb  
While construction the pyramid the rate of delivery was 1 stone weighting 2.5 tons every minute.

For our calculations we assume 500 stones a day. This is a rough estimate, assuming a 8-hour day, during 290 days a year, with 20 years to build the pyramid. Also assuming, that more time had to be used for the huge granite blocks for the King's chamber and for the more difficult upper part of the pyramid, where work went slower than in the lower parts. There probably were also other factors delaying the building of the pyramid such as the weather or a temporary shortage of certain building materials.

 

 Building materials for the Cheops-pyramid

the 210 stone layrs of the cheops-pyramid and the percentage of building substance

The Khufu-pyramid (Cheops) probably originally had 210 stone layers. At 50m height already 82% of the entire pyramid was built [3].

 Quarrying stones for the pyramid
 Shipping the stone blocks down the Nile to Giza
 Transporting the stone blocks using a sledge on tracks
 Löhner's rope roll

Stone blocks
-------------------
  2'300'000 stones
Casing blocks   115'000 to 200'000 stones or 67'390m³ [1]
Total blocks   2'500'000 stones
Stone layers   Originally probably 210 stone layers, now only 201 layers [2]
Stone size   The stone blocks usually are larger in the lower layers (1.5m = 3 cubit) and smaller in the upper layers. Most are between 1.5 and 2 cubit large (average of 127 x 127 x 71cm). 1 cubit = 0.524m - Details
Weight of the stone blocks   With an average density of 2,6 - 2,9 t/m³ the large limestone blocks weighted 6.5 - 10 tons and the smaller ones about 1.3 tons. For all calculations on this website an average weight of 2.5 tons was used.
Special blocks   For the King's chamber granite blocks weighting 40 to 50 tons were used
Total weight   6'500'000 tons (average weight of a block was about 2.5 tons)
Pyramidion   The final stone on the top was a large block in the shape of a pyramid. It was perhaps around 1.5m by 1.5m wide and 1.3m high (about 3 cubits). It was made from white Tura limestone (Turah), granite or perhaps diorite and perhaps gold plated. More information
Building materials  

Pyramid: Nummulite limestone from quarries about 200-400m south of the pyramid were used for the core stones.
Casing: light white limestone, so called Tura-limestone from quarries from the eastern shores of the Nile
King's chamber: Rose granite from Aswan 900km away
Further materials: Graywacke from the Wadi Hammamat (Eastern desert), basalt from the northern Faiyum
 Map of quarries in Egypt

 

 Dimensions of the pyramid of Khufu

Dimensions of the Cheops (Khufu) pyramid, angles, lenght, hight

Length (a)
-------------------
  The average length of the edge is ~ 230.360m (230,12m = 440 cubits). Northern edge 230.328m - eastern edge 230.369m - southern edge 230.372m - western edge 230.372m. Largest difference is only 4.4cm. [3]
Height (h)   Originally 146.59m high (= 280 cubits), the pyramid is now only 138.75m high [7]
Diagonal (d)   325.77m
Ridge (g)   219m
Height of the lateral surface   186.42m
Pyramid angle α   51° 50' 40' = inclination of the lateral surface (= 52° rounded off) [3] which corresponds to a seked of 5½ palms
Pyramid angle β   58.3° = the two angles of the triangular lateral surface (62° = angle of the apex or tip of the pyramid) - nearly forming an equilateral triangle!
Pyramid angle γ   41.9° = angle of the ridge
Corner angle   Right angle base with angles from 89° 59' to 90°
Base area   53'065.73m²
Superficies surface   85'890.69m²
Pyramid volume   2'592'968.43m³ including the rock core. This would be a cube with a length of 137.38m. Probable volume of stones used: 2'583'283m³ [1] or 2'326'501m³ [2].
Alignment   Exactly to the north (deviation only 2' 28')
Latitude and longitude   N 29° 58’ 44.3830” latitude and E 31° 07’ 57.0194” longitude [5]
Altitude   The base of the pyramid of Khufu lies about 60m above sea level, so the tip of the pyramid used to be on 206m above sea level [6].

 Alignment of the pyramids and controlling the shape of the pyramid (north-south alignment etc.)

 

 Dimensions of the pyramid of Khufu in Egyptian Royal Cubits

Length (a)   440 Royal Cubits
Height (h)   280 Royal Cubits
Height of the lateral surface (c)   356 Royal Cubits (356.09)
Diagonal (d)   622.25 Royal Cubits
Ridge (g)   418.56 Royal Cubits
Pyramid angle α   51.843°
Pyramid angle β   58.3°
Pyramid angle γ   41.9°
Corner angle   90°

It is suggested, that the Egyptians used a right angled triangle to determinate the angle of inclination of the pyramid, using the numbers a=11 and b=14 with c=17.8 (or a=22 - b=28 - c= 35.6). This determines a so called seked of 5½ palms.
 Alignment of the pyramids and controlling the shape of the pyramid (seked)

 

 Sources

[1] M. Lehner The Complete Pyramids of Egypt
[2] G. Goyon Die Cheops-Pyramide
[3] R. Stadelmann Die grossen Pyramiden von Giza
[4] F. Abitz Der Bau der grossen Pyramide mit einem Schrägaufzug
[5] GPS-coordinates of a brass disk on top of the pyramid of Khufu, Giza Plateau Mapping Project (GPMP)
[6] Maps of the Giza Plateau Mapping Project show the altitude as 60m
[7] D. Arnold Building in Egypt

* Dates according to conventional Egyptian chronology are used in this website. These are based on several list of the dynasties of pharaohs, for example the Aegyptiaca of Manetho of Sebennytos.

 

https://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/khufu-numbers.html


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