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La Madeleine, Paris
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (French: église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine, pronounced [eɡliz sɛ̃t maʁi madlɛn]), or less formally, La Madeleine ([la madlɛn]), is a Catholic parish church on Place de la Madeleine in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.[2][3][4] It was planned by Louis XV as the focal point of the new Rue Royal, leading to the new Place Louis XV, the present Place de la Concorde. It was dedicated in 1764 by Louis XV, but work halted due to the French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte had it redesigned in the Neoclassical style to become a monument to the glory of his armies. After his downfall in 1814, construction as a church resumed, but it was not completed until 1842. The building is surrounded on all four sides by Corinthian columns. The interior is noted for its frescoes on the domed ceiling, and monumental sculptures by François Rude, Carlo Marochetti and other prominent 19th-century French artists.[5]
The exterior and interior of the church are undergoing a major project of cleaning and restoration, which began in 2020 and is scheduled for completion in 2024.[6][7]
The neighbourhood, then at the edge of Paris, was annexed to the city in 1722. An earlier church of Saint-Marie-Madeleine was built in the 13th century on avenue Malesherbes, but was considered too small for the growing neighbourhood. Louis XV authorised the construction of a new, larger church, with a view along Rue Royale toward the new Place Louis XV, now Place de la Concorde. In 1763 the King laid the first stone for a new church, designed by Pierre Contant d'Ivry and Guillaume-Martin Couture.[8][9][10]
The first design for the new church by Pierre Contant d'Ivry proposed a large dome atop a building in the form of Latin cross, similar to the Les Invalides church designed by Jules Hardouin Mansart. D'Ivry died in 1777 and was replaced by his pupil Guillaume Martin Couture. Couture abandoned the first plan, demolished much of the early work. and went to work on a simpler, more classical design, modelled after an ancient Greek or Roman temple.
Proposed monument to Napoleon's Army and railroad station, then church again
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The construction of the new church was abruptly halted in 1789 by the French Revolution, with only the foundations and grand classical portico completed. After the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, his body was transported to the old Church of the Madeleine, which was still standing until 1801. The King's body was thrown onto bed of quicklime at the bottom of a pit and covered by one of earth, the whole being firmly and thoroughly tamped down. Louis XVI's head was placed at his feet. On 21 January 1815 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette's remains were moved to a new tomb in the Basilica of Saint-Denis.
Under the Revolutionary government, a debate began on the future purpose of the building. Proposals included a library, a public ballroom, and a marketplace. The new building of the National Assembly, in the Palais Bourbon, at the other end of the former Rue Royale, was given a classical colonnade to match the already completed portico of church.[11] The new Emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, was crowned in 1804 and in 1806 settled the debate. In 1806 he declared that the church would become "A Temple to the Glory of the Grand Army". While on a military campaign in Poland, he personally chose the design of a new architect, Pierre-Alexandre Vignon (fr: Pierre-Alexandre Vignon), over the design that was recommended to him by the Academy of Architecture.[12] The plan of Vignon took the form of a classical temple with Corinthian columns on all four sides.[13] The work began anew, with new foundations but preserving the classical columns that had already been raised.[14]
Completion of the church (1855)
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 The church in 1867
After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the new King, Louis XVIII, resumed construction on the unfinished church, which he intended to make an Expiatory chapel for the sins of the Revolution and the execution of Louis XVI. However, this idea was dropped, and the new church was instead dedication to Mary Magdalene, or the Madeleine, a follower of Jesus who witnessed both the Crucifixion and the Resurrection of Christ.[15]
The architect Vignon died in 1828 before completing the project and was replaced by Jacques-Marie Huvé. A new competition was set up in 1828–29 to determine the design for sculptures for the pediment. The design chosen was The Last Judgment, depicting Saint Mary Magdalene kneeling to pray for sinners, by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire. The new government of the July Monarchy decided to go ahead with the church, despite financial difficulties. in 1830 they declared that it would be dedicated to national reconciliation. The vaults were finally completed in 1831.[16]
Work on the church was largely completed during the reign of King Louis-Philippe, between 1830 and 1848. in 1837 a proposal was brought forward to convert church into the first railroad station in Paris, but this was abandoned as expensive and impractical. The church was finally inaugurated on 24 July 1842, the day of Saint Mary-Magdalene.[17]
The new church became popular with musicians. The funeral of Chopin at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October 1849. Chopin had requested that Mozart's Requiem be sung. The Requiem had major parts for female voices, but the Church of the Madeleine had never permitted female singers in its choir. The church finally relented, on condition that the female singers remain behind a black velvet curtain.
During the Paris Commune of 1871, the curé of the church, Abbé Deguerry, was one of those arrested and held hostage by the Commune. He was executed alongside Georges Darboy, the Archbishop of Paris and four other hostages on 24 May, during the Semaine sanglante, as French government troops were bloodily retaking the city and executing Communard defenders.
Besides Chopin, musicians and artists whose funerals were held at the church include Jacques Offenbach, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Coco Chanel, Joséphine Baker, Charles Trenet, Dalida and Johnny Hallyday.[18]
The design of the church by Vignon was an example of the Neo-Classical style, using the plan of a peripteral Greek temple, with rows of classical columns around all four exterior sides, not just on the facade. Notable examples included the Temple of Olympian Zeus, the largest temple in ancient Athens, located below the Parthenon, and the much smaller Roman Maison Carrée in Nîmes in France one of the best-preserved of all Roman temples (here the columns around the cella are "engaged" or half-embedded in the wall). The Madeleine is one of the rare large neo-classical buildings to imitate the whole external form of an ancient temple, rather than just the portico front. Its fifty-two Corinthian columns, each 20 metres (66 feet) high, surround the building.
The inscription on the frieze over the entrance reads in Latin: D⸱O⸱M⸱SVB⸱INVOC⸱S⸱M⸱MAGDALENAE, that is Deo Optimo Maximo sub invocatione Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae ("To God all-powerful and Very Great, under the invocation of Saint Mary Magdalen.")
The pedimental sculpture of the Last Judgement is by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire. Lemaire's sculpture also has a prominent place on the Arc de Triomphe. In the sculpture, Christ is in the centre, presiding over the Last Judgement, flanked by two angels. On the right is the Archangel Michael, with a group of figures representing the Vices, who will be refused entry to heaven. To the left are the Virtues, escorting those admitted to heaven. Mary Magadelen is shown kneeling with those refused entrance to heaven, expressing her repentance.[19]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris
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The inscription on the frieze over the entrance reads in Latin: D⸱O⸱M⸱SVB⸱INVOC⸱S⸱M⸱MAGDALENAE, that is Deo Optimo Maximo sub invocatione Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae ("To God all-powerful and Very Great, under the invocation of Saint Mary Magdalen.")
The pedimental sculpture of the Last Judgement is by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire. Lemaire's sculpture also has a prominent place on the Arc de Triomphe. In the sculpture, Christ is in the centre, presiding over the Last Judgement, flanked by two angels. On the right is the Archangel Michael, with a group of figures representing the Vices, who will be refused entry to heaven. To the left are the Virtues, escorting those admitted to heaven. Mary Magadelen is shown kneeling with those refused entrance to heaven, expressing her repentance.[19]
The large bronze doors of the south portal have reliefs illustrating the Ten Commandments. The artist was Henri de Triqueti (1804–1874), who was only thirty years old when he won the commission. His main influence was the doors made by Ghiberti for the Baptistry of Florence, as well as those found on Pantheon in Rome and Christian basilicas in Pisa, Rome, Verona and Venice. Their size is exceptional; they are larger than the doors of the Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome; but they were also designed to be thinner and lighter. Unlike many bronze church doors, they have no gilding, just the color of the bronze. The doors earned Triqueti a place as a royal sculptor for the projects of King Louis-Philippe, including sculpture in Napoleon's tomb.[20]
Statues in niches of the Colonnade
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Another feature of the exterior is a series of statues of Saints, made by different sculptors, alternating women and men, arranged on the outside walls along the portico, within the colonnade. The original plan by Vignon had only bare walls on the exterior, but the new architect, Huvé, proposed a series of thirty-three statues in niches. The selection of Saints was largely made by the Orleans family of King Louis Philippe and his family. The two most prominent places, by the south entrance, were given to traditional French Saints, Louis IX and Saint Philip, Bernard of Clairvaux, as well as Saint Joan of Arc and Saint Genevieve, the Patron Saint of Paris. Women saints alternate with men. At the north or rear end of the church, the heads of four of the statues were knocked off by the explosion of a German shell during the First World War, in 1918.[21]
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The nave and the choir, facing north toward the altar
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The choir decoration, Christmas 2022
The plan of the church was inspired more by the classical Roman architecture, particularly the baths, than by traditional church architecture. Inside, the church designed by Huvé is composed of a single long space, without a transept. It is divided into three wide arched bays, each with a dome, with circular skylights that provide limited illumination. All the walls and arches and the ceiling are covered with decoration, largely composed of colored marble in intricate geometric forms, and frequently gilded.[22]
The choir dome – The History of Christianity
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The History of Christianity and Christianity in France
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The choir and the altar, with The History of Christianity above
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The History of Christianity fresco by Jules-Claude Ziegler. (Choir)
The cul-de-four or half-dome over the choir of the church is decorated with a painting by Jules-Claude Ziegler (1804–1856) which depicts major events in the history of Christianity, with an emphasis on France. At the top is the figure of Christ with Apostles and Mary Magdalene. In the foreground are Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII signing the Concordat of 1801, which, following the French Revolution, marked the reconciliation of the French church and state and allowed Catholic churches to re-open in France. Ziegler was a pupil of Ingres, and painted the figures with the same realism and animation. The work took four years to complete.[23]
Mosaic of Lameire – Christianity of France and The Ecstasy of Mary Magdalene
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Below the History of Christianity and above the altar is later, unusual work; a wide ceramic mosaic depicting Christ with a group of Saints who had connections with France. This was conceived between 1888 and 1893 by Father LeRebours, the curate of the church, and is in the Neo-Byxantine style, very different from the rest of the art in the choir. It painted by Charles-Joseph Lameire, and transformed into ceramic by the Sevres Porcelain workshops in Paris. In the dim light inside of the church, the gilded ceramic tiles catch the light, sometimes making it the most visible art work in the church.
The Christ of the Resurrection is the central figure in the mosaic, accompanied by the first disciples and missionaries who lived and preached in Gaul, including the patron saint of the church, Mary Magdalene; Saint Martha, sister of Mary Magdalene, buried in Tarascon; Saint Lazare, who founded the first church in Marseille; Saint Genevieve, patron saint of Paris; Saint Trophyme, a disciple of Saint Paul and founder of the church in Arles. The figure of Saint Front of Perigeaux, founder of the church in Rocamadour, who is given the features of the artist, Lameire); Saint Ursin, founder of the church in Bourges, who is given the features of the architect Charles Garnier, and others.[24]
Below the mosaic is a row of Corinthian columns which form a theatrical background behind the altar. and a marble stairway leading up to the altar. Behind the altar is a monumental sculpture, The Ecstasy of Mary Magdalene, by Carlo Marochetti (1805–1868), depicting Mary Magdalene, kneeling in prayer, as she is transported into heaven by three angels.[25]
Sculpture in the Vestibule – The Baptism of Christ
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In the vestibule at the south end of the church, is another monumental sculpture, The Baptism of Christ by François Rude (1784–1855). Rude was already famous for a work he made in 1836, "The Departure of the Volunteers of 1795", prominently featured on the Arc de Triomphe.[26]
The decoration of the interior was completed in a relatively short period, under King Louis-Philippe, and is noted for its unusual harmony.
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The organ and its keyboard (1855)
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The grand organ in the tribune
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François-Henri Houbart, the current organist in 2022, at the keyboard in 2011
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The choir organ, behind the altar
The church has had a long association with music and musicians. The funeral of Chopin took place in the church, and the composers Camille Saint-Saëns and Gabriel Fauré each held the title of the church organist.[27] The church has a celebrated pipe organ, located in the tribune over the south entrance to the church. It is contained in a very ornate case with sculpted angels, spires, and other ornament harmonised with the decor. The organ was built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in 1845. It was restored by Cavaillé-Coll's successor Charles Mutin in 1927, who also extended the manuals to 56 notes. Tonal modifications were carried out by Roethinger, Gonzalez-Danion, and Dargassies in 1957, 1971 and 1988 respectively. :.[28][29][30] A smaller organ from the same period is located in the choir.
In the basement of the Church (entrance on the Flower Market side) is the Foyer de la Madeleine. Typical of various foyers run by religious and civic groups throughout France, the Madeleine is the home of a restaurant in which, for a yearly subscription fee, one can dine under the vaulted ceilings on a three-course French meal served by volunteers for a nominal price. The walls of the Foyer are often decorated by local artists.[31][32]
- ^ Base Mérimée: Eglise de la Madeleine, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
- ^ Dumoulin, "Églises de Paris", (2010), p. 144
- ^ "La Madeleine". aviewoncities.com. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ "ÉGLISE DE LA MADELEINE". en.parisinfo.com. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ Dumoulin, "Églises de Paris", (2010), p. 146–147
- ^ [1]. Archived 5 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine Restoration section of the church website (in French)
- ^ [2]. Archived 4 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine History section on the church website (in French)
- ^ Dumoulin, "Églises de Paris" (2010), p. 145
- ^ "La Madeleine – Paris, France". sacred-destinations.com. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ "Vignon's The Church of La Madeleine". smarthistory.khanacademy.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ Dumoulin, "Églises de Paris" (2010), p. 145
- ^ [3] Archived 4 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine History section on the church website (in French)
- ^ Dumoulin, "Églises de Paris" (2010), p. 145
- ^ Dumoulin, "Églises de Paris" (2010), p. 145
- ^ [4] Insecula history of the Church (n French)
- ^ [5] Insecula history of the Church (n French)
- ^ [6] Archived 4 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine History section on the church website (in French)
- ^ [7] Theatre in Paris site, concert history at La Madeleine, retrieved 2 October 2022
- ^ [8] Archived 4 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Description of the church on Church website (in French)
- ^ [9] Archived 4 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Description of the church on the Parish website (in French)
- ^ [10] Archived 4 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Description of the church on the Parish website (in French)
- ^ Dumoulin (2010), p. 146
- ^ Dumoulin (2010), p. 146
- ^ [11] Parish website, description of church
- ^ Dumoulin (2010), p. 147
- ^ Dumoulin (2010), p. 147
- ^ Dumoulin (2010), p. 146
- ^ Smith, Rollin; Vierne, Louis (1999). Louis Vierne: Organist of Notre-Dame Cathedral. Pendragon Press. ISBN 9781576470046. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ "The Cavaille-Coll organ of La Madeleine, Paris". signumrecords.com. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ "Appendix J Parisian Organists – A Directory of Composers for" (PDF). rscm.u-net.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ "ÉGLISE DE LA MADELEINE REVIEW". fodors.com. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ "Place de la Madeleine". lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Bibliography (In French)
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- Dumoulin, Aline; Ardisson, Alexandra; Maingard, Jérôme; Antonello, Murielle; Églises de Paris (2010), Éditions Massin, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, ISBN 978-2-7072-0683-1
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Temple of Diana at Ephesus
“The temple of Diana was the chief glory of the city. The style was Grecian. The length of the ground-plan was four-hundred and twenty-five feet and the breadth two-hundred and twenty feet. The structure was thus four times as large as the Pantheon at Athens. The statue of the goddess was one of the finest works of art ever produced. It was wrought of ivory and gold, and was a marvel of costliness and beauty. The temple was decorated with sculptures by Praxiteles and one of the masterpieces of Apelles. A representation of the temple was stamped on the coins and medals of the city."—Ridpath, 1885
https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/78900/78906/78906_dianatemple.htm |
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Jano - xano - xacobo - Jacobo - san yago - santiago
Jano - Iano - Ianus - Ianua - Iacobus
el Hermes no es equiparable...es hermafrodita y bicéfalo
el Jano es bifronte
ya quisieran el Hermes y el Shiva tener lo del Jano...
Es que todos ellos son mensajeros,el contacto entre dioses y los hombres , arquitectos del universo y además poseen dos "vertientes"
JANUS CON LA LLAVE
Y EL GALLO
El Primer Día del Año, es decir, el Día Primero de Enero de cada Año es dedicado al Dios Jano, Janus, Cronos o Saturno, Iao, Baco, Iod-Hevé, Thoth, Hermes y Mercurio.
"Dupuis fue el primer erudito que identificó a San Pedro como Janus [el término janitor, originalmente el que tiene las llaves, deriva de janus]. Janus alternadamente deriva de Dianus (Día), un Dios de las horas de la luz del día, la forma masculina de Diana la Deidad “Lunar” [Venusta, mejor dicho]. Janus es considerado el Dios de las Puertas, especialmente responsable [como San Pedro] del Portal del Cielo. El mes de Enero es llamado después Janus. (...). En los antiguos días Janus estaba en el cielo medio en la salida del Sol alrededor del Solsticio de Invierno, abriendo así un Año Nuevo. Janus es no solamente competente para abrir y cerrar días y años, sino también guerra y paz. (...) Así como Janus conduce el círculo anual de los signos zodiacales, San Pedro conduce a los Doce Apóstoles del Cristianismo Romano. Hércules es llamado un Portador de la Maza, pero Llave y Maza pueden ser expresados como sinónimos en Latín: Hércules es por lo tanto, un portador de las Llaves igual que Janus."
"Las regiones del Cercano Oriente tienen la mayoría de la lluvia en invierno. Esto conduce al cuadro de Janus como Barquero a través de la inundación del invierno. (...) Janus como Barquero se refiere otra vez a la actividad de Pedro como pescador. Janus fue representado no solamente con la Llave del Cielo, sino también con una Vara Larga que puede ser reinterpretado como la Vara del pastor con la que San Pedro mira a las Ovejas (...)"
Antigua Gema Gnóstica con la figura del Abraxas y el Nombre Inefable de Dios IAW (IAO), el Anubis y Hermes-Cristo de los Gnósticos.
En la obra "The Gnostics and Their Remains", en el capítulo titulado "The Abraxas", su autor "Charles William King", [1887]", en referencias al Dios ANUBIS, lo describe
"... portando el caduceo de Hermes para denotar su oficio de conductor de almas [psicopompo], no… a través de las sombras del submundo, sino a lo largo del sendero planetario hasta su final reposo en el Pleroma. Así el Evangelio Gnóstico "Pistis Sophía", describiendo al Salvador [Jesús Cristo] después de haber recibido su Vestidura de Luz, con las cinco palabras de poder inscritas y con los nombres de todas las Dominaciones encontradas en su Ascensión, lo hace venir primero a la Puerta del Firmamento, luego al Dios de la esfera, luego a la esfera del Destino, y finalmente a los Doce grandes Aeones: cuyos Poderes todos cuando vieron sus propios nombres escritos en su vestidura quedaron impresionados con temor y comenzaron a cantar himnos a Él."
"Este ANUBIS-HERMES aparece algunas veces ondeando una rama de palma, para proclamar su victoria sobre los Poderes del Mal; o presidiendo a la psychostasia "peso de las almas", la escena comúnmente pintada en el Ritual Egipcio de la Muerte. En el último carácter, él aparece aquí como Cristo, el Juez;… En las antiguas Gemas griegas Hermes es a menudo representado inclinándose hacia adelante, con el caduceo en la mano, y por su mística virtud asistiendo a un alma emergiendo de la profundidad de la tierra -- una extraña coincidencia en forma, probablemente también en origen, con la medieval pintura del Salvador [Jesús el Cristo] sacando almas del Purgatorio…" […]
"Hermes en este particular carácter de Psychopompos, fue muy utilizado por los Naasenos (Ofitas) como el profético representante del Salvador en su grandioso oficio. Ellos interpretaron a Hermes conduciendo a las almas a través de la oscuridad dentro del Elysium así como Cristo guía las mentes del iluminado, fuera de la ignorancia, dentro del Conocimiento [Gnosis], en todo su especial sentido de las palabras…"
Un poco más adelante, este mismo autor, dice:
"Este doble carácter de ANUBIS es... expresado… [como[ el Buen Pastor, cargando un cordero sobre sus hombros, recostado sobre su cayado, sus lomos atados con un cinto [o ceñidor]… Pero un examen más detenido … se resuelve en el Dios de dos cabezas de Egipto… el "ladrador Anubis"… " ("The Gnostics and Their Remains".)
El "ladrador Anubis", en dos palabras: ¡El Veltro!
"... el gallo, heraldo del Sol, estaba consagrado al Dios Mercurio..." (Fulcanelli, “Las Moradas Filosofales”).
El Gallo (GAIO, o I.A.O.) es el atributo del Apóstol Pedro. Cuando el Gallo de la Alquimia, de la Pasión, Canta por tercera vez, es el anuncio de la Resurrección.
“El Gallo" es el emblema de la Resurrección. Simboliza también al Mercurio de la Alquimia, las Energías Creadoras Sexuales, que el Alquimista Transmuta por medio de “La Llave" que es el Arte y la Ciencia de la Transmutación Sexual, tal y como está en las Obras de nuestro Venerable y Amado Maestro Samael Aun Weor, de nuestro Venerable y Amado Maestro Rabolú y del V.M. Thoth-Moisés. (Ver nuestro Trabajo titulado “Preparación para ser un Fiel Discípulo de la Logia Blanca“).
El Divino Jerarca de la Ley de Dios Anubis es asimismo Hermes y Thoth:
"Hermanubis (Egipcio).- O sea: Hermes-Anubis, "el revelador de los misterios del mundo inferior" -no del infierno o Hades, como se ha interpretado erróneamente, sino de nuestra Tierra (el mundo más inferior de la cadena septenaria de mundos) -y también de los misterios sexuales. Kreuzer debe haber adivinado la verdadera interpretación, por cuanto denomina a Anubis-Thoth-Hermes "un símbolo de la ciencia y del mundo intelectual".
"Estaba siempre representado teniendo en la mano una cruz,..." (G.T. H.P.B.)", el "Ankh", la Cruz de Thoth.
http://www.burbuja.info/inmobiliaria/conspiraciones/462544-i0i-que-significa-8.html
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Solar god theories
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According to Macrobius who cites Nigidius Figulus and Cicero, Janus and Jana (Diana) are a pair of divinities, worshipped as Apollo or the sun and moon, whence Janus received sacrifices before all the others, because through him is apparent the way of access to the desired deity.[51][52]
A similar solar interpretation has been offered by A. Audin who interprets the god as the issue of a long process of development, starting with the Sumeric cultures, from the two solar pillars located on the eastern side of temples, each of them marking the direction of the rising sun at the dates of the two solstices: the southeastern corresponding to the Winter and the northeastern to the Summer solstice. These two pillars would be at the origin of the theology of the divine twins, one of whom is mortal (related to the NE pillar, nearest the Northern region where the sun does not shine) and the other is immortal (related to the SE pillar and the Southern region where the sun always shines). Later these iconographic models evolved in the Middle East and Egypt into a single column representing two torsos and finally a single body with two heads looking at opposite directions.[53]
Numa, in his regulation of the Roman calendar, called the first month Januarius after Janus, according to tradition considered the highest divinity at the time.
 The temple of Janus with closed doors, on a sestertius issued under Nero in 66 AD from the mint at Lugdunum
Numa built the Ianus geminus (also Janus Bifrons, Janus Quirinus or Portae Belli), a passage ritually opened at times of war, and shut again when Roman arms rested.[54] It formed a walled enclosure with gates at each end, situated between the old Roman Forum and that of Julius Caesar, which had been consecrated by Numa Pompilius himself. About the exact location and aspect of the temple there has been much debate among scholars.[55] In wartime the gates of the Janus were opened, and in its interior sacrifices and vaticinia were held, to forecast the outcome of military deeds.[56] The doors were closed only during peacetime, an extremely rare event.[57] The function of the Ianus Geminus was supposed to be a sort of good omen: in time of peace it was said to close the wars within or to keep peace inside;[which?] in times of war it was said to be open to allow the return of the people on duty.[58]
A temple of Janus is said to have been consecrated by the consul Gaius Duilius in 260 BC after the Battle of Mylae in the Forum Holitorium. It contained a statue of the god with the right hand showing the number 300 and the left the number 65—i.e., the length in days of the solar year—and twelve altars, one for each month.[59]
The four-sided structure known as the Arch of Janus in the Forum Transitorium dates from the 1st century of the Christian era: according to common opinion it was built by the Emperor Domitian. However American scholars L. Ross Taylor and L. Adams Holland on the grounds of a passage of Statius[60] maintain that it was an earlier structure (tradition has it the Ianus Quadrifrons was brought to Rome from Falerii[61]) and that Domitian only surrounded it with his new forum.[62] In fact the building of the Forum Transitorium was completed and inaugurated by Nerva in AD 96.
Another way of investigating the complex nature of Janus is by systematically analysing his cultic epithets: religious documents may preserve a notion of a deity's theology more accurately than other literary sources.
The main sources of Janus's cult epithets are the fragments of the Carmen Saliare preserved by Varro in his work De Lingua Latina, a list preserved in a passage of Macrobius's Saturnalia (I 9, 15–16), another in a passage of Johannes Lydus's De Mensibus (IV 1), a list in Cedrenus's Historiarum Compendium (I p. 295 7 Bonn), partly dependent on Lydus's, and one in Servius Honoratus's commentary to the Aeneis (VII 610).[63] Literary works also preserve some of Janus's cult epithets, such as Ovid's long passage of the Fasti devoted to Janus at the beginning of Book I (89–293), Tertullian, Augustine and Arnobius.
As may be expected the opening verses of the Carmen,[64] are devoted to honouring Janus, thence were named versus ianuli.[65] Paul the Deacon[66] mentions the versus ianuli, iovii, iunonii, minervii. Only part of the versus ianuli and two of the iovii are preserved.
The manuscript has:
- (paragraph 26): "cozeulodorieso. omia ũo adpatula coemisse./ ian cusianes duonus ceruses. dun; ianusue uet põmelios eum recum";
- (paragraph 27): "diuum êpta cante diuum deo supplicante." "ianitos".
Many reconstructions have been proposed:[67] they vary widely in dubious points and are all tentative, nonetheless one can identify with certainty some epithets:
- Cozeiuod[68] orieso.[69] Omnia vortitod[70] Patulti; oenus es
- iancus (or ianeus), Iane, es, duonus Cerus es, duonus Ianus.
- Veniet potissimum melios eum recum.
- Diuum eum patrem (or partem) cante, diuum deo supplicate.
- ianitos.[71]
The epithets that can be identified are:
- Cozeuios
- i.e. Conseuius the Sower, which opens the carmen and is attested as an old form of Consivius in Tertullian;[72]
- Patultius
- the Opener;
- Iancus or Ianeus
- the Gatekeeper;
- Duonus Cerus
- the Good Creator;
- rex
- king (potissimum melios eum recum – the most powerful and best of kings);
- diuum patrem (partem)
- [73] father of the gods (or part of the gods);
- diuum deus
- god of the gods;
- ianitos
- keeping track of time, Gatekeeper.
The above-mentioned sources give: Ianus Geminus, I. Pater, I. Iunonius, I. Consivius, I. Quirinus, I. Patulcius and Clusivius (Macrobius above I 9, 15): Ι. Κονσίβιον, Ι. Κήνουλον, Ι. Κιβουλλιον, I. Πατρίκιον, I. Κλουσίβιον, I. Ιουνώνιον, I. Κυρινον, I. Πατούλκιον, I. Κλούσιον, I. Κουριάτιον (Lydus above IV 1); I. Κιβούλλιον, I. Κυρινον, I. Κονσαιον, I. Πατρίκιον (Cedrenus Historiarum Compendium I p. 295 7 Bonn); I. Clusiuius, I. Patulcius, I. Iunonius, I. Quirinus (Servius Aen. VII 610).
Even though the lists overlap to a certain extent (five epithets are common to Macrobius's and Lydus's list), the explanations of the epithets differ remarkably. Macrobius's list and explanation are probably based directly on Cornelius Labeo's work, as he cites this author often in his Saturnalia, as when he gives a list of Maia's cult epithets[74] and mentions one of his works, Fasti.[75] In relating Janus' epithets Macrobius states: "We invoke in the sacred rites". Labeo himself, as it is stated in the passage on Maia, read them in the lists of indigitamenta of the libri pontificum. On the other hand, Lydus's authority cannot have consulted these documents precisely because he offers different (and sometimes bizarre) explanations for the common epithets: it seems likely he received a list with no interpretations appended and his interpretations are only his own.[76]
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