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General: LAWRENCE (HOLY GRAIL) S CYCLOTRON AT CERN MICROCOSM
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Respuesta  Mensaje 1 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999  (Mensaje original) Enviado: 06/09/2024 04:48
1 LHC Detectors: ATLAS and CMS Physicists passed a long way from the  table-top accelerators like the first cyclotron invented and built for  about 25$ by. - ppt download


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Respuesta  Mensaje 2 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 06/09/2024 04:55
20 FEBRUARY 1934

Ernest Lawrence patents the cyclotron

In 1929 Ernest Lawrence – then associate professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, in the US – invented the cyclotron, a device for accelerating nuclear particles to high velocities without the use of high voltages. Lawrence was granted US patent 1948384 for the cyclotron on 20 February 1934. The machine was used in the following years to bombard atoms of various elements with swiftly moving particles. Such high-energy particles could disintegrate atoms, in some cases forming completely new elements. Hundreds of artificial radioactive elements were formed in this manner.

Eventually, the cyclotron was able to accelerate particles such as protons to the energy of a few tens of megaelectronvolts (symbol: MeV. One MeV equals one million electronvolts). Initially driven by the effort to discover the antiproton, the accelerator era had begun, and with it the science of high-energy physics was born.

In 1939 Lawrence won the Nobel prize in physics, "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements".


Respuesta  Mensaje 3 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 22/09/2024 04:32

 

 


 

 
French

 

 
English

 

 

Home > The cyclotron

 

 

A cyclotron is a particle accelerator made up of two horizontal hollow conducting half-cylinders called
" dees ", separated by a narrow interval.
Both " dees " plunge in a vertical uniform magnetic field. An alternative electric tension is applied between the two " dees ".

 

 

The students had to use the interactive terminal near the cyclotron and answer the questionnaire.

 



The cyclotron 

Do you know the cyclotron ?
Try the Quizz
Click on 

Download the questionnaire
Click on :

 

 

 

 

 

 

The cyclotron of the "Arts et métiers" Museum

The cyclotron exposed to the "Arts et métiers" Museum was used by Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie who worked on the nuclear transmutation to the "College de France". Their research leads to discovered of the neutron.

  • the cyclotron has an energy of 7 MeV
  • the electromagnet weighs 25 tons (that exposed with the museum is factitious)

 

 


Cyclotron exposed in the Museum

 

The inventor of the cyclotron :

Lawrence Ernest Orlando (Nobel Prize 1939) built the first experimental cyclotron in 1929. But it is in fact in 1931 that the apparatus was really operational. It accelerated protons of energy 13 keV.

Constitution of a cyclotron :

- two electrodes in the shape of D (dee).
- a generator high frequency connected to the " dees ".
- a device to make the high vacuum in the cyclotron.
- a device sending ionized particles to the center of the cyclotron.
- an electromagnet creating an intense magnetic field.
- a channel of extraction to the end of which is the target.

 

 

 

 

 

 


alternating terminals + and -  

 



target

 



to the vacuum pomp



 

What for a cyclotron is using to ?

A cyclotron is used to accelerate particles charged and to produce isotopes.
The accelerated particles are ejected outside by a window to be then sent on targets.

It is used in research :

  • in nuclear physics in astrophysics
  • in chemistry for the synthesis of molecules labelled
  • in medicine for the production of isotopes used in tomography by emission of positon (T.E.P)

The maximum energy acquired by the particles is about 10 MeV (1 eV = J).

Principle of a cyclotron

The ions produced by the source are accelerated by an electric force under the action of a electrique field (q: charge of the particle). The particles are then deviated with a constant speed v, by a magnetic force under the action of a magnetic field and have half-circles trajectories with a radius and a angular velocity . This angular velocity is independent of energy.

The deviated ions are again in the area between the two " dees " and are again accelerated under the action of the electric field which was reversed. The kinetic energy of the particles increases with each passage between the " dees " and the radius of their circular trajectory increases successively. The maximum kinetic energy reached is 
with : maximum speed attack and : useful maximum radius of the cyclotron

Other types of cyclotrons

Cyclotrons with separate sectors :
They are made up of 4 zones with field extremely separated by 4 zones without field.
(maximal energies : 1 GeV).

 

 

 


Synchrocyclotrons : These apparatuses make it possible to reach the energies raised until approximately 1 GeV. They require electromagnets of very big sizes and high masses (7 000 000 kg).

Synchrotrons : They are modern giant models of the cyclotrons which have several hundred meters of ray and which make it possible to obtain protons of energy of several GeV.
The L.E.P (Large Electron Positron Collider) is a collider of 27 km (16,8 miles) circumference which makes it possible to study the mutual annihilation of the electrons and the positrons. In the L.E.P, the particles are accelerated by an electric field and are deviated according to a circular trajectory thanks to a magnetic induction variable field.

 


 

 

 

 

Air sight of the site of the C.E.R.N on the border Free-Switzerland (picture C.E.R.N.)
 

 

Software of simulation of a cyclotron usable with  scientific students

This software under DOS (87 KB in file zip) carried out by C Rivoisy is downloadable on the site of the academy of Nantes (France). Click on 

This software makes it possible to simulate the trajectory of a positive particle of load equal to the elementary charge e and to modify the value of the magnetic field B, accelerating tension U, and its frequency f.

http://visite.artsetmetiers.free.fr/site_anglais/cyclotron_a.html

Respuesta  Mensaje 4 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 22/09/2024 04:36
Contents:  Overview of the Lectures  A Brief History on Particle  Accelerators  The Mathematics we Need  Overview of the CERN Accelerator  Complex  - ppt download

Respuesta  Mensaje 5 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 22/09/2024 12:12
HAR 2009: Design and Build a 2 MeV Cyclotron part 1 6/6

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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 24/09/2024 03:54
Lecture15_Hall_effect.pdf

Respuesta  Mensaje 7 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 24/09/2024 03:57
Medical application of proton accelerators - ppt video online download

Respuesta  Mensaje 8 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 30/09/2024 19:44
https://atlasvirtualvisit.web.cern.ch/sites/atlasvirtualvisit.web.cern.ch/files/Next-LBNL.png
Visit Title
 
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Visit Date & Time (CERN)
 
Wed, 22 Jun 2016, 15:45
Visitor Location
 

Berkeley, California

Visitor Continent
 
Visit Description
 

 

 


These are ~40 high school students and ~10 teachers are participating in “The Physics in and through Cosmology workshop at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory” under the QuarkNet Program. One day is dedicated to ATLAS culminating in an ATLAS masterclass and includes the virtual tour of Point1


 


 

-->

 

 

Visiting Group Type
 
Visit Language
 
https://atlas.cern/discover/visit/virtual-visit/lawrence-berkeley-national-lab

Respuesta  Mensaje 9 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 03/10/2024 02:06
Saint of the day: St. Lawrence

Respuesta  Mensaje 10 de 10 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 08/10/2024 13:20
Different cyclotron size: a) Lawrence ́s first one, b) Venezuela First one (courtesy of Dorly Coehlo), c) Fermi National Laboratory at CERN. And size matters, and Cyclotrons win as best hospital candidates due to Reactors are bigger, harder and difficult to be set in a hospital installation. Can you imagine a nuclear reactor inside a health installation? Radiation Protection Program will consume all the budget available. Size, controlled reactions, electrical control, made cyclotrons easy to install, and baby cyclotrons come selfshielded so hospital don ́t need to spend money in a extremely large bunker. Now on, we are going to talk about our first experience with the set up of a baby cyclotron for medical uses inside the first PET installation in Latin America. “Baby” means its acceleration “D” diameters are suitable to be set inside a standard hospital room dimensions, with all its needs to be safetly shielded for production transmision and synthetized for human uses for imaging in Nuclear Medicine PET routine. When we ask why Cyclotrons are better than reactors for radioisotopes production to be used in Medicine, we also have to have in mind that they has: 1. Less radioactive waste 2. Less harmful debris 

Different cyclotron size: a) Lawrence ́s first one, b) Venezuela First one (courtesy of Dorly Coehlo), c) Fermi National Laboratory at CERN. And size matters, and Cyclotrons win as best hospital candidates due to Reactors are bigger, harder and difficult to be set in a hospital installation. Can you imagine a nuclear reactor inside a health installation? Radiation Protection Program will consume all the budget available. Size, controlled reactions, electrical control, made cyclotrons easy to install, and baby cyclotrons come selfshielded so hospital don ́t need to spend money in a extremely large bunker. Now on, we are going to talk about our first experience with the set up of a baby cyclotron for medical uses inside the first PET installation in Latin America. “Baby” means its acceleration “D” diameters are suitable to be set inside a standard hospital room dimensions, with all its needs to be safetly shielded for production transmision and synthetized for human uses for imaging in Nuclear Medicine PET routine. When we ask why Cyclotrons are better than reactors for radioisotopes production to be used in Medicine, we also have to have in mind that they has: 1. Less radioactive waste 2. Less harmful debris 

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-cyclotron-size-a-Lawrence-s-first-one-b-Venezuela-First-one-courtesy-of_fig3_221906035
Fuego elemento - Angels & Demons | OpenMovieMap
John 1:18 No man has seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, which is  in the bosom of the Father, he has declared him.
John 1:18 No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in  the bosom of the Father, He has explained Him.
John 1:18
Jesus and the Big Bang: Prologue John 1:1-18 | One Small Voice
John 1:18 No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in  the bosom of the Father, He has explained Him.
John 1:18 - Bible verse - DailyVerses.net
John 1:18 - Bible verse (KJV) - DailyVerses.net


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