Napoleon’s Forgotten First Battle: La Maddalena, 1793
Napoleon got his first taste of battle in February 1793 at the siege of La Maddalena. By the year’s end, Napoleon was a general and a hero.
Jun 6, 2024 • By Dale Pappas, PhD Modern European History, MA History, BA History, Italian Studies
Napoleon’s name is synonymous with French history. But before Napoleon rose to power in France, he dreamed of becoming influential in his native Corsica. In fact, Napoleon made many decisions in his early life, believing that it could help further his career in Corsica rather than France. However, Napoleon’s participation in the failed attempt to seize La Maddalena in February 1793 contributed to a shift in his thinking about Corsica. By the end of 1793, this Corsican patriot had emerged as a rising star of the French Republic.
Napoleon’s Homeland: Corsica
Decorative Map of Corsica by Victor Levasseur, 1861. Source: Wikipedia Commons
In his book TheSocial Contract (1762), Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote of Corsica, “I have a presentiment that one day this small island will astonish Europe.” Indeed, the rebellion launched by the islanders against Genoese rule in the 1760s captured Europe’s attention. Even people in distant Boston and Philadelphia admired Corsica’s rebellious spirit. They tried to emulate it in opposing British policies on the eve of the American Revolution.
Corsican rebels continued their fight against the French, who purchased the north Mediterranean island of Corsica from Genoa in 1768. France formally annexed Corsica the following year and appointed Charles Louis de Marbeuf as the island’s governor.
But Rousseau’s statement equally applies to the life of Napoleon Bonaparte, born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15, 1769. He was the second son of Carlo and Letizia Buonaparte. Despite aristocratic lineage, Napoleon’s parents were Corsican revolutionaries determined to upend Genoese rule. At first, they also backed resistance to the French, but soon realized loyalty presented opportunities for the family.
Get the latest articles delivered to your inbox
Sign up to our Free Weekly Newsletter
Napoleon’s Youth
Napoleon Studying at Auxonne, 1788, by François Flameng. Source: Wikipedia Commons
Thanks to his family’s close ties to Marbeuf, Napoleon received admission to one of France’s military academies. Napoleon started school in France at age nine, first in Autun and then in Brienne. The young Napoleon impressed his instructors as he advanced through different academies.
Although initially recommended for naval service because of his knack for mathematics, Napoleon was soon placed on track for a career in the prestigious artillery branch of the French army. In 1785, he received his first commission in the French army as a lieutenant.
However, Napoleon longed to return to Corsica and found adjusting to life in France difficult. Indeed, at this point, Napoleon still signed his name “Napoleone di Buonaparte” rather than the Napoleon Bonaparte. Despite his promising academic record and French military commission, Napoleon spent most of the years 1786-1788 on leave from his regiment. Most of that time was spent in Corsica.
Napoleon grew interested in and supported republican ideals as the French Revolution unfolded. But at this stage, Napoleon saw the French Revolution as an opportunity for Corsica’s independence. In other words, Napoleon still saw his future in Corsica rather than Paris.
The house is located outside Genoa's 14th-century walls. During the Renaissance, the area became subject to intense building, mainly consisting of public housing.[2]
Columbus was born in 1451, and historical documents indicated that Columbus lived here between approximately 1455 and 1470. At this time, the house had two or maybe three stories, with a shop on the ground floor, and the front door to the left of the shop.[2]
According to historian Marcello Staglieno, the original house was most likely destroyed in the French Bombardment of Genoa in 1684. It was rebuilt in the early 18th century on the basis of the original ruins.[3] The rebuilt structure had a height of five stories. However, the upper stories were built by placing their beams on the neighboring buildings. When the neighboring buildings were demolished around 1900, as part of the construction of Via XX Settembre, the upper stories of this building were removed, and it was reduced to its current height of two stories.[4]
Currently the building operates as a museum, under the management of the "Porta Soprana" Genovese cultural association. Its central location and nearby parking make it a popular meeting place for the Genovese.[2]
Aunque Ginebra se menciona en escritos de Julio César en latín como Genava (Génava), durante la Guerra de las Galias, el nombre en sí mismo es de origen céltico. Este también ha sido transformado por otras culturas. Por ejemplo, Ginebra es llamada Geneva en inglés y arpitano.
En las cuatro lenguas nacionales de Suiza: en francésGenève (lengua y nombre oficial); en alemánGenf; en italianoGinevra; en romancheGenevra.
En lenguas distintas del castellano, es usual la confusión entre esta ciudad y el puerto italiano de Génova. Al parecer, se debería a que tienen una raíz céltica común, genu/genawa 'estuario'.
1En 2000, la ciudad obtuvo el premio Wakker de la liga suiza del patrimonio nacional por su concepto de rehabilitación de la ribera del Ródano y su entorno inmediato.
El primer pueblo que se estableció en la región y en parte de Galia (Saboya y Delfinado) fueron los alóbroges. El lugar ocupado actualmente por Ginebra fue un poblado alóbroge, tomado y fortificado por César (58 a. C.). Bajo la dominación romana, formó parte de la Galia Narbonense, la provincia. Con la caída del imperio, la ocuparon los burgundios (siglo v) y los francos (534). Fue la capital del reino de Borgoña en el siglo ix, y se integró en el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico en 1032, dentro del cual gozó de cierta autonomía.
"l'Escalade".
La unión de Ginebra con Friburgo y Berna permitió a la ciudad expulsar definitivamente al obispo en 1536 y adoptar la Reforma, iniciada por Martín Lutero, al acoger a Juan Calvino en 1541 y ser el principal foco del calvinismo. Calvino y Farel organizaron una rígida república teocrática que resistió los embates de los duques de Saboya, convirtiéndose en una tierra de asilo que acogió a los protestantes perseguidos por los católicos y los intelectuales en desacuerdo con la Iglesia católica, de ahí su nombre de la Roma protestante.
En la noche del 11 al 12 de diciembre de 1602, Ginebra fue atacada por el duque de SaboyaCarlos Manuel I. Los atacantes utilizaron escaleras plegables de madera (guardadas en el Museo de arte e historia) para asaltar la muralla sur. Los ginebrinos ganaron la batalla y llamaron al acontecimiento "l'Escalade", cuya conmemoración se celebra cada año. Anexionada por la Francia revolucionaria el 15 de abril de 1798, la unión duró hasta la toma de la ciudad por las tropas austriacas el 30 de diciembre de 1813. En 1815 se sumó a la Confederación Helvética.
Did Large Hadron Collider create TIME TRAVEL? 'Machine shut down after plane vanishes'
THE Large Hadron Collider "created a 'time warp' that sent a passenger jet thousands of miles off course" in the blink of an eye and caused a massive power black out, it has shockingly been claimed.
Conspiracy theorists have sensationally claimed the LCH caused time travel.
The huge scientific experiment, which is used to collide particles to discover more about how the universe formed, opened a time portal meaning an Iberworld Airbus A330-300 ended up landing 5,500 miles from where it was supposed to, conspiracy theorists say.
Built among miles of tunnels under the Swiss-French border, the complex machine is run by the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN).
Claims are now ride CERN scientists shut down the LHC during an experiment immediately after the incident with the plane.
An article on website Freedom Fighter Times said: "The power released from the LHC was so strong that it sent a time warp across the planet.
"What really happened can best be explained as a massive power outage all across South America."
The report said CERN scientists began a series of experiments during which they discovered their testing was "distorting our Earth’s magnetic field and had 'shot off' a 'time wave' towards the core of the planet”.
GETTY
LARGE HADRON: The LCH is the biggest scientific experiment on Earth.
Tracking showed the wave veered exactly towards the ‘Sun Gate’ high in the Bolivian Andes mountains, the report said.
The report added the “initial ‘time wave’ spawned by the LHC” erupted from the ‘Sun Gate’ and headed out towards the space above South America.
The wave then “glanced into the path of an Iberworld Airbus A330-300 flown by Air Comet which was ready to begin its descent into Santa Cruz, Bolivia, but then found itself ‘instantly and mysteriously’ over the skies of Santa Cruz, in Tenerife, Spain, over 5,500 miles away”.
All 170 passengers and the crew of flight A7-301 were safe, and after 17 hours on the ground in Spain the departed back to Bolivia.
The bizarre plane incident is said to have happened on November 1 2009.
A day later CERN lost power at the LHC and announced some days later in a statement a bird had dropped a piece of baguette onto the machinery, causing the shut down.
The report added: "After this mysterious event CERN scientists shut down the LHC blaming their failed experiment on a bird dropping a piece of bread onto outdoor machinery.
"After which their Director for Research and Scientific Computing, Sergio Bertolucci, warned that the titanic LHC machine may possibly create or discover previously unimagined scientific phenomena, or 'unknown unknowns' such as an 'extra dimension'".
The report, and other similar ones went onto claim, even after the LHC was shut down, “dimensional distortions” created in South America by the “time wave” continued and caused the Gateway of the Sun monolith to send out what Russian scientists likened to a "digital communication”.
This was said to have been blasted towards thousands of Pyramids and other ancient sites in Brazil and the Andes Region, leading to a massive power outage plunging “tens-of-millions of people into darkness".
We use your sign-up to provide content in ways you've consented to and to improve our understanding of you. This may include adverts from us and 3rd parties based on our understanding. You can unsubscribe at any time. Read our Privacy Policy
JONAUSTIN
Former Whitby Town councillor Simon Parkes claimed he stopped LCH scientists allowing Satan through
So is any of this true?
Well it is true that CERN had been testing the LHC on November 1, after it was out of action for more than a year, following a previous power failure.
It is also true CERN had to postpone the test runs of the LHC on November 2, 2009, after the bird dropped bread into an external electricity supply cutting power to the machine, as announced in a press release some days later.
There are also reports online that flight A7-301 ended up at Santa Cruz, in Tenerife, instead of the same in Bolivia, with 170 passengers on board, with no explanation initially given.
According to Researchers, CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can possibly turn out to be a first time machine. The Large Hadron Collider is the world’s largest and the most powerful particle accelerator. Being the most powerful particle collider, it is the most complex experimental facility ever built and the largest single machine in the world.
Purpose of LHC
The Large Hadron Collider was built to replicate the conditions at the big bang, and answer humanity’s most basic questions — what are we made of and how did we come to exist? Scientists are still working on that, but have stumbled across something that promises to be even more exciting: The possibility of time travel and the time machine.
Image: CERN
As per the theory of Physicists Thomas Weiler and Chui Man Ho, the Large Hadron Collider– the world’s largest atom smasher, could be the first time machine capable of causing matter to travel backward in time.
“Our theory is a long shot, but it doesn’t violate any laws of physics or experimental constraints.”
– Professor Thomas Weiler
The Higgs Boson
One of the major goals of the collider was to find the elusive Higgs Boson: The God Particle that physicists invoke to explain why particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons have mass. It is known to be what caused the Big Bang billions of years ago. Higgs Boson is the particle that gives mass to the matter. Earlier it was just a theory but now, The God Particle actually exists. Researchers claimed that if the collider succeeds in producing the Higgs Boson, it is predicted that it will create a second particle, called the Higgs singlet, at the same time.
According to Weiler and Ho’s theory, these singlets should have the ability to jump into an extra, fifth dimension where they can move either forward or backward in time and reappear in the future or past. The singlet is just a technical term used for a particle that doesn’t interact with the matter in the way we knew until today.
Wait, the fifth dimension? How many dimensions are there?
According to M-theory, or the so-called “theory of everything,” there are as many as 11 dimensions, of which our universe uses only four, time being the fourth one. But the Higgs singlet, if it exists, is theoretically not restrained by the basic laws of physics that govern our universe.
Scientists believe that if this atom smasher can create the Higgs Boson and it gives mass to the matter produced by the atom smasher, then The Higgs Singlet (this matter with mass) will be able to travel through space and time. The Higgs Singlet can travel to other dimensions and then come back to our dimension. By traveling through the hidden dimension, Higgs singlets could re-enter our dimensions at a point forward or backward in time from when they exited.
“One of the attractive things about this approach to time travel is that it avoids all the big paradoxes. Because time travel is limited to these special particles, it is not possible for a man to travel back in time and murder one of his parents before he himself is born, for example. However, if scientists could control the production of Higgs singlets, they might be able to send messages to the past or future.”
– Professor Thomas Weiler
So with the discovery of the God particle, time travel will not just be possible but will be in our reach too and won’t just stay in theories. Researchers claim that this study does not deal with sending humans into the past but sending information backward or forward in time using Higgs Singlet.
So What Next?
Scientists want to see if monitoring the Hadron Collider, would result in the sighting of Higgs Singlet particles and its product, Higgs boson, appearing. If this succeeds, they will be able to send the particles produced back in time and make them appear before their collision. That is how the LHC can act as a potential time machine. Something mind-boggling right? Well, it has to be.
This article was written by Rishika Dange, an aerospace engineering student from Alliance University, Bangalore, India.
El misterioso viaje de Eva Perón y el tesoro de los nazis
Evita Perón y los nazis. Miles de judíos asesinados y expoliados. Un tesoro, un viaje misterioso, una fortuna escondida en un banco de Suiza. No falta un solo ingrediente para que triunfe la leyenda.
El misterioso viaje de Eva Perón y el tesoro de los nazislarazon
El general Perón y su esposa, Evita, tenían en los fondos de un banco de Suiza una considerable fortuna en joyas, cuadros y diversos objetos de valor. Provenía de familias ricas judías asesinadas en campos de concentración y había estado «a buen recaudo» en las mansiones de siete de las más adineradas familias de Europa. Tras la caída del régimen nazi estos objetos se habían convertido en una peligrosa prueba de cargo, por lo que estos ricos entre los ricos decidieron donárselos a Perón como premio al apoyo que había dado a los dirigentes nazis.Aunque el tesoro estuviese bien protegido, nunca está de más supervisarlo de primera mano y comprobar que cada una de las piezas está donde debería estar. Para eso viajó Eva Perón a Suiza en 1947, en una misión internacional con una confusa finalidad oficial y envuelta en algún que otro incidente.Esta es la teoría, a mitad de camino entre la leyenda urbana y la investigación periodística, que ha resucitado un libro en Argentina («El heredero del General. La desconocida historia de Mario Rotundo», de Miguel Prenz), y que, como siempre, ha traído la controversia.Adolf Eichmann o Josef MengeleEl misterioso viaje de la segunda esposa de Perón está lleno de interrogantes, como lo están todos aquellos que sobrevolaron alrededor del patrimonio de los Perón. El primero de ellos es el propio Mario Rotundo, presidente de la fundación por la paz y la amistad de los pueblos, y a quien Juan Domingo Perón legó todos sus bienes. ¿Por qué lo hizo? Nadie ha conseguido hasta ahora aportar una respuesta convincente.En alguna ocasión, Perón habló del «origen japonés y alemán» de los bienes que el gobierno argentino se había apropiado. Durante años las asociaciones judías han seguido la pista de este dinero, de procedencia judía, y han denunciado que el gobierno peronista ayudó a escapar y escondió en suelo argentino a algunos de los jerarcas más sanguinarios del nazismo, como Adolf Eichmann o Josef Mengele.El botín nazi en ArgentinaEl preciado tesoro desaparecido de la Alemania perdedora estaba compuesto por infinidad de lingotes de oro en los que los nazis habían fundido las joyas y objetos que habían ido robando casa a casa, familia a familia, judío a judío. Había además cuadros, objetos preciosos y esculturas que habían ido catalogando y repartiendo. Una parte de ese botín pudo haber acabado en Argentina, como premio a tan entregado gobierno. La otra, en los fondos de un banco suizo.La pista suiza de Eva Perón ya ha sido abordada anteriormente, entre otros por varios reportajes de la televisión helvética y por los medios de comunicación argentinos, aunque aún hay muchas incógnitas por resolver. Uno de los supervivientes del campo de concentración de Dachau, José Jakunovich, desveló al diario La Nación que «en el libro sobre el juicio de Nuremberg hay un documento importantísimo. Es una carta de un jerarca nazi a otro, escrita antes del fin de la guerra, y en la que le dice: "Perón tiene una amiga que nos va a ser de gran utilidad. Se llama Eva". Ella todavía no se había convertido en su esposa».
Tema anterior
.jpg)
Large Hadron Collider 'shut down after causing massive earthquake'
CERN admits LHC experiments could create black holes
Image: CERN
El misterioso viaje de Eva Perón y el tesoro de los nazislarazon
