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General: 15 de agosto. Festival de la "Novia del Nilo". ("Wafaa al Nil")
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From: BARILOCHENSE6999  (Original message) Sent: 25/10/2018 14:21

15 de agosto. Festival de la "Novia del Nilo". ("Wafaa al Nil")

En la misma época, todos los años, el aumento de agua en la tierra era anunciado por una señal en los cielos. La más brillante de todas las estrellas fijas aparece en el este justo antes del amanecer en la época del solsticio de verano, lo que indica el comienzo del año egipcio sagrado. La brillante estrella de Sirio, o como los egipcios llamaban Sothis, marcó el momento de la inundación del Nilo. Sothis fue considerado por los egipcios como la estrella de Isis, la diosa de la vida y el amor. La llamaron así porque se creía que las lágrimas de Isis llorando a su marido muerto, Osiris, causaban el aumento en los niveles de las aguas del Nilo. La crecida del Nilo era el evento más importante en la vida de los egipcios. Era cuestión de su propia existencia y el bienestar. Un año con escasa o ninguna inundación significaba hambre en el Reino, pero una inundación que superara los límites normales significaría un desastre para los pueblos además de su destrucción. La inundación tenía que ser adecuada para determinar una buena temporada. El ciclo de inundación de Egipto se inicia durante la segunda semana de agosto y se divide en tres etapas. El momento de la inundación del Nilo, Akhet (la inundación) era la primera temporada del año. El momento de la siembra Peret era el momento en que los cultivos crecían en el campo y era considerado el otoño de Egipto, de octubre a mediados de febrero. Y en tercer lugar, el momento de la cosecha Shemu, comprendía de mediados de febrero hasta finales de mayo y era la temporada de primavera del calendario egipcio. Este ciclo fue tan predecible que los antiguos egipcios basaron su calendario en él. La celebración de hoy tiene un significado y formas diferentes. Todavía se celebra al mismo tiempo del año, pero ya no hay inundaciones del Nilo, que se detuvieron con la construcción de la presa de Asuán, que regula el flujo de agua durante todo el año. Ahora en esta época del año se llama "Wafaa el-Nil Festival" o literalmente "fidelidad al Nilo". Se decía que los antiguos egipcios sacrificaban a una hermosa chica virgen al río a cambio de una buena cosecha. La antigua leyenda ha sobrevivido en una tradición en curso, donde en su lugar, una muñeca de madera vestida de novia es arrojada al Nilo. Los musulmanes dicen que esa costumbre (sacrificar una doncella al Nilo) duró hasta la época del califa Omar, que puso fin a la misma. No hay evidencia en el antiguo Egipto de tal costumbre. Fue registrada por primera vez por Plutarco, un escritor del primer siglo greco-romano, quien parece que la inventó. Los egipcios coptos en realidad podrían haber retomado la tradición inventada de “La novia del Nilo” siguiendo con la celebración de dicho festival, pero utilizando una figura de arcilla como sustituto de la “novia”. Si es así, probablemente esto se hizo por el bien de los turistas romanos, porque, como se ha mencionado, no hay evidencia de sacrificios humanos al río en el pasado. (Incluso si fuera así, es impensable que los sacrificios humanos reales hayan persistido en el Egipto cristiano hasta la conquista islámica en el 600 d.C.). En efecto, no sólo no existe evidencia histórica documentada en los antiguos registros egipcios. De hecho, va en contra de todo lo que sabemos sobre las antiguas costumbres religiosas de Egipto. La única evidencia de sacrificios humanos que tenemos de los antiguos egipcios, proviene de los períodos arcaico y pre-dinástico, donde los enemigos eran sacrificados ritualmente al rey, o los funcionarios fueron sacrificados para acompañar al rey en la otra vida. Aparte de eso, no hay nada acerca de una mujer "virgen" que se sacrificó al Nilo, o cualquier ciudadano que se sacrificó a cualquier otro dios para el caso. Es sorprendente lo ampliamente aceptado de la historia parece estar entre los egipcios. Se adapta a los musulmanes para describir al conquistador-califa como una influencia civilizadora que abolió una práctica pagana bárbara. Sin embargo, como se ha señalado, cuando el califa llegó (en el siglo VIIº), los egipcios habían sido ya cristianos durante tres o cuatro siglos por lo menos y vivían bajo el dominio de los emperadores bizantinos cristianos que presumiblemente no habrían permitido que tales costumbres paganas continuaran, ni siquiera en forma simbólica.




el 29 julio 2011 183 Vistas

 


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From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 20/01/2025 16:59

TAG: NILE FLOODING SIRIUS

The Astronomy of the Dog Days of Summer

Looking east from latitude 30 north on August 3rd, 30 minutes before sunrise. (Created by the author in Stellarium).

Can you feel the heat?

It’s not just your imagination. The northern hemisphere is currently in the midst of the Dog Days of Summer. For many, early August means hot, humid days and stagnant, sultry nights.

The actual dates for the Dog Days of Summer vary depending on the source, but are usually quoted as running from mid-July to mid-August. The Old Farmer’s Almanac lists the Dog Days as running from July 3rd through August 11th. 

But there is an ancient astronomical observation that ties in with the Dog Days of Summer, one that you can replicate on these early August mornings.

The sky was important to the ancients. It told them when seasons were approaching, when to plant crops, and when to harvest. Ancient cultures were keen observers of the cycles in the sky.  Cultures that were “astronomically literate” had a distinct edge over those who seldom bothered to note the goings on overhead.

The flooded Temple of Isis on the island of Philae circa 1905. (Credit: Wikimedia Commons under an Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 license. Author H.W. Dunning).   The flooded Temple of Isis on the island of Philae circa 1905. (Credit: Wikimedia Commons under an Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 license. Author H.W. Dunning).

Sirius was a key star for Egyptian astronomers. Identified with the goddess Isis, the Egyptian name for Sirius was Sopdet, the deification of Sothis. There is a line penned by the Greco-Roman scholar Plutarch which states:

“The soul of Isis is called ‘Dog’ by the Greeks.”

Political commentary? A mis-translation by Greek scholars? Whatever the case, the mythological transition from “Isis to Sothis to Dog Star” seems to have been lost in time.

These astronomer-priests noted that Sirius rose with the Sun just prior to the annual flooding of the Nile. The appearance of a celestial object at sunrise is known as a heliacal rising. If you can recover Sirius from behind the glare of the Sun, you know that the “Tears of Isis” are on their way, in the form of life-giving flood waters.

Sopdet as the personification of Sirius (note the star on the forehead)Sopdet as the personification of Sirius (note the star on the forehead) Wikimedia Commons image under an Attribution Share Alike 3.0 license. Author Jeff Dahl).

In fact, the ancient Egyptians based their calendar on the appearance of Sirius and what is known as the Sothic cycle, which is a span of 1,461 sidereal years (365.25 x 4) in which the heliacal rising once again “syncs up” with the solar calendar.

It’s interesting to note that in 3000 BC, the heliacal rising of Sirius and the flooding of the Nile occurred around June 25th, near the summer solstice. This also marked the Egyptian New Year. Today it occurs within a few weeks of August 15th, owing to precession. (More on that in a bit!)

By the time of the Greeks, we start to see Sirius firmly referred to as the Dog Star. In Homer’s Iliad, King Priam refers to an advancing Achilles as:

“Blazing as the star that cometh forth at Harvest-time, shining forth amid the host of stars in the darkness of the night, the star whose name men call Orion’s Dog”

The Romans further promoted the canine branding for Sirius. You also see references to the “Dog Star” popping up in Virgil’s Aenid.

Over the years, scholars have also attempted to link the dog-headed god Anubis to Sirius. This transition is debated by scholars, and in his Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Richard Hinckley Allen casts doubt on the assertion.

Sirius as the shining "nose" of the constellation Canis Major. (Created by the author using Starry Night). Sirius as the shining “nose” of the constellation Canis Major. (Created by the author using Starry Night).

Ancient cultures also saw the appearance of Sirius as signifying the onset of epidemics. Their fears were well founded, as summer flooding would also hatch a fresh wave of malaria and dengue fever-carrying mosquitoes.

Making a seasonal sighting of Sirius is fun and easy to do. The star is currently low to the southeast in the dawn, and rises successively higher each morning as August rolls on.

The following table can be used to aid your quest in Sirius-spotting.

Latitude north

Theoretical date when Sirius can 1st be spotted

32°

August 3rd

33°

August 4th

34°

August 5th

35°

August 6th

36°

August 7th

37°

August 8th

38°

August 9th

39°

August 10th

40°

August 11th

41°

August 12th

42°

August 13th

43°

August 14th

44°

August 15th

45°

August 16th

46°

August 17th

47°

August 18th

48°

August 19th

49°

August 20th

50°

August 21st

Thanks to “human astronomical computer extraordinaire” Ed Kotapish for the compilation!

Note that the table above is perpetual for years in the first half of the 21st century. Our friend, the Precession of the Equinoxes pivots the equinoctial points to the tune of about one degree every 72 years. The Earth’s axis completes one full “wobble” approximately every 26,000 years. Our rotational pole only happens to be currently pointing at Polaris in our lifetimes. Its closest approach is around 2100 AD, after which the north celestial pole and Polaris will begin to drift apart. Mark your calendars—Vega will be the pole star in 13,727 AD. And to the ancient Egyptians, Thuban in the constellation Draco was the Pole Star!

Near Luxor (Photo by author).The Colossi of Memnon Near Luxor, just one of the amazing architectural projects carried out by the ancient Egyptians. (Photo by author).

Keep in mind, atmospheric extinction is your enemy in this quest, as it will knock normally brilliant magnitude -1.46 Sirius a whopping 40 times in brightness to around magnitude +2.4.

Note that we have a nice line-up of planets in the dawn sky (see intro chart), which are joined by a waning crescent Moon this weekend. Jupiter and Mars ride high about an hour before sunrise, and if you can pick out Mercury at magnitude -0.5 directly below them, you should have a shot at spotting Sirius far to the south.

And don’t be afraid to “cheat” a little bit and use binoculars in your quest… we’ve even managed on occasion to track Sirius into the broad daylight. Just be sure to physically block the Sun behind a building or hill before attempting this feat!

Sirius as seen via Hubble- can you spy Sirius B? (NASA/ESA Hubble image). Sirius as seen via Hubble- can you spy Sirius B? (Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble image).

Of course, the heliacal rising of Sirius prior to the flooding of the Nile was a convenient coincidence that the Egyptians used to their advantage. The ancients had little idea as to what they were seeing. At 8.6 light-years distant, Sirius is the brightest star in Earth’s sky during the current epoch. It’s also the second closest star visible to the naked eye from Earth. Only Alpha Centauri, located deep in the southern hemisphere sky is closer. The light you’re seeing from Sirius today left in early 2005, back before most of us had Facebook accounts.

Sirius also has a companion star, Sirius B. This star is the closest example of a white dwarf. Orbiting its primary once every 50 years, Sirius B has also been the center of a strange controversy we’ve explored in past writings concerning Dogon people of Mali.

Sirius B is difficult to nab in a telescope, owing to dazzling nearby Sirius A. This feat will get easier as Sirius B approaches apastron with a max separation of 11.5 arc seconds in  2025.

Some paleoastronomers have also puzzled over ancient records referring to Sirius as “red” in color.  While some have stated that this might overturn current astrophysical models, a far more likely explanation is its position low to the horizon for northern hemisphere observers. Many bright stars can take on a twinkling ruddy hue when seen low in the sky due to atmospheric distortion.

Let the Dog Days of Summer (& astronomy) begin! (Photo by author).Let the Dog Days of Summer (& astronomy) begin! (Photo by author).

All great facts to ponder during these Dog Days of early August, perhaps as the sky brightens during the dawn and your vigil for the Perseid meteors draws to an end!

https://www.universetoday.com/tag/nile-flooding-sirius/

Reply  Message 7 of 8 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 11/02/2025 15:33


Welcome
 | Time Rivers | Book | The Nile Decoded | Etemenanki


Welcome to the Realm of
the Time Rivers

By Goro Adachi

.

Main Material

The Time Rivers (book)
The Nile Decoded (online article)


What Is the Time River Theory?

It’s about the discovery of an astounding system of literal ‘rivers of time’, which may even be described as the ‘fingerprints of the gods’. It is a planetary ‘Rosetta Stone’ for decoding history or even ‘reality’ itself. Sounds overly grandiose? Yes, but it’s not necessarily an exaggeration given the nature of the discovery.

Proving the existence of the ‘Time Rivers’ has explosive implications. And the claim here is that this has indeed been done. But that’s just the beginning of the story. What the ‘Time Rivers’ tell us - about who we are and everything else - is equally, if not more, profound.

The Time River Theory (TRT) is ultimately about the discovery and decoding of the ‘blueprint’ of reality - a blueprint that was literally carved on this planet by an unknown high intelligence. This is a brand new field just activated in 2003 via the publication of The Time Rivers. It’s about time we opened up the Gateway... to a new dimension.

To get a little more specific, here is an abbreviated list of what the Time River Theory is about and what it reveals (at least in the book The Time Rivers):

  • A grand system of literal ‘rivers of time’ flowing on our planet, created by some mysterious, higher intelligence.
  • The intricate ‘Time River scheme’ produced by the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Mississippi, etc. showing us the entire timeline of human civilization, both past and future.
  • Solutions to deep ancient mysteries of Egypt, Sumer, and even Mars.
  • Encoded ‘messages’ revealing extraterrestrial and/or extra-temporal origins of human civilization.
  • The 21st century being specifically pinpointed as the edge of time, when a ‘timegate’ opens up to bring mankind back to the realm of ‘Genesis’.
  • Tangible and unique solutions to the biblical events of Genesis such as Creation, the fallen angels, the Great Flood, the Ark, etc.
  • An encoded timeline of the United States anticipating  ‘9/11’, an event suggested to mark the ‘end’ of the United States.

Please note that the the theory is extensive and still rapidly evolving, thus the above should be viewed as only the tip of the iceberg.

To learn more about the TRT, please see The Nile Decode - a paper posted online revealing the basic components of the thesis.


Current Status

A lot of very positive feedback has been received from those who have read The Time Rivers and/or The Nile Decoded. Some samples are posted here.

What about the reaction of the 'alternative history' crowd? How are they responding to the 'quantum leap' that the TRT would represent to their field? The answer to this question is not yet clear since the theory was revealed only recently and is not yet widely known. But the anticipation here is that the reaction would be more or less mixed. Because the Time River Theory is something that radically shifts the whole paradigm, there will probably be those in the field who are perhaps just too 'old' (at least mentally) to keep up with the sudden and rapid movement forward. And this is fine; the Time River system is a discovery for a new generation of truth seekers who maintain a fresh mind capable of clear and creative thinking.

There is actually so much more to the Time River scheme than made available so far (including the book), which is undoubtedly contributing to the tone of confidence expressed here. Hopefully there are many of you who can intuitively sense this 'energy' lurking just beneath the surface... It's all getting ready to come out now. If not already, please study the available material, understand the implications, and... well, join the revolution!


Available Material:


Reply  Message 8 of 8 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 16/04/2025 03:19

Flooding of the Nile

 
 
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
The festival of the Nile as depicted in Norden's Voyage d'Egypte et de NubieMap of the Nile river

The flooding of the Nile (commonly referred to as the Inundation) and its silt deposition was a natural cycle first attested in Ancient Egypt. It was of singular importance in the history and culture of Egypt. [1] Governments and administrators of Egypt began constructing infrastructure to control the flooding in the 19th century, and these projects continued into the 20th. The annual flooding cycle in Egypt came to an end in 1970 with the completion of the Aswan High Dam.[citation needed]

The river's predictability and annual deposits in the Nile Valley and Delta[2] made for extraordinarily rich soil—classified today as alluvium on a bed of entisol[3]— enabling the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of its enormous agricultural wealth and surpluses of cereals which could be stored or traded. Egyptians were one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. This in turn was only possible with their innovation of surface irrigation, also called "basin irrigation", which finally gave rise to the form of Ancient Egyptian agriculture that persisted into the 20th century. Their farming practices allowed them to grow surpluses of both cereals—especially the staple crops wheat and barley—and industrial crops—such as flax for weaving into linen and Nile grass for manufacture into papyrus. By the time of Roman rule, Egypt was one of the most significant sources of wheat in the entire Roman Empire.[1][4][5]

Egyptians have celebrated the flooding since at least early antiquity. Today the annual flooding is commemorated by a two-week holiday called Wafaa El-Nil, beginning on August 15. It is also celebrated in the Coptic Church by ceremonially throwing a martyr's relic into the river, giving it the name "The Martyr's Finger" (Copticⲡⲓⲧⲏⲃ ⲛⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲟⲥArabicEsba` al-shahīd).[citation needed]

Cultural significance in Ancient Egypt

[edit]

The flooding of the Nile held a primary importance to the people of Ancient Egypt, reflected in their founding myths, their calendar, and in their very name for their land.[5] In the Ancient Egyptian religion, the floodwaters were Isis's tears of sorrow for the murdered Osiris, killed by his own brother Set. During inundation festivals, Egyptians planted mud figures of Osiris with barley.[6]

The Egyptian calendar year was divided into three seasons: Akhet (Inundation); Peret (Growth); and Shemu (Harvest). Akhet covered the Egyptian flood cycle. This cycle was so consistent that the Egyptians timed its onset using the heliacal rising of Sirius, the key event used to set their calendar.[7]

The Egyptians' name for the Nile was Ar or Aur, meaning simply “black,” for the color of the sediments it carried and deposited as fertile black soils on the floodplains of the Nile Delta. The mud's black color is also the root of the Ancient Egyptian name for the country:[5] ???? ???? ???????? (km.t) (commonly vocalised as Kemet; probably pronounced [kuːmat] in ancient Egyptian), literally: "black land." [8] Kemet, with its fertile black soil, stood apart from the deshret (dšṛt), or "red land", of the surrounding Eastern and Western Deserts.[9][10]

Hapi was the god of the Nile and its annual flooding, which was also called the Arrival of Hapi in addition to its proper seasonal name. Hapi, with the pharaoh, were said to control the flooding. His association with the fertilization of the soil also meant Hapi symbolised fertility itself.[11]

Hapi, shown as an iconographic pair of genii symbolically tying together upper and lower Egypt

Flooding cycle

[edit]

The flooding of the Nile is an effect of the yearly monsoon between May and August, which entails peak rainfall on the Ethiopian Highlands, the summits of which reach heights of up to 4,550 m (14,930 ft). Most of this runoff flows into the Blue Nile and, by the Atbarah River, into the main Nile; a smaller amount flows through the Sobat and the White Nile into the Nile. During this short period, the Atbarah and Sobat contribute up to 90% of Nile's flow and most of its transported sediment. After the monsoon season, they dwindle to minor rivers.

For Ancient Egyptians, the flooding as such was foreseeable, although its exact dates and levels could be forecast only on a short-term basis by transmitting the Nilometer gauge readings at Aswan in Upper Egypt to the lower parts of the kingdom where the readings had to be correlated with the local conditions.

The first indications of the rise of the river in Akhet could be seen at the first of the cataracts of the Nile at Aswan as early as the beginning of June according to the modern calendar, and a steady increase went on until the middle of July when the rate of increase usually peaked. The Nile continued to rise until the beginning of September, when the level remained constant for a period of about three weeks, sometimes fewer. In October, it often rose again and reached its highest level. From peak level, it began to subside and usually sank steadily until June, when it reached its lowest level again. Flooding reached Aswan about a week earlier than modern Cairo, and Luxor five to six days earlier than Cairo. Typical heights of flood were 45 feet (14 metres) at Aswan, 38 feet (12 metres) at Luxor (and Thebes) and 25 feet (7.6 metres) at Cairo.[12]

Agriculture

[edit]
View in the Delta during the inundation of the Nile, 1847

Basin irrigation

[edit]

Whilst the earliest Egyptians simply laboured those areas which were inundated by the floods, some 7000 years ago, they started to develop the basin irrigation method. Agricultural land was divided into large fields surrounded by dams and levees and equipped with intake and exit canals. The basins were flooded and then closed for about 45 days to saturate the soil with moisture and allow the silt to deposit. Then the water was discharged to lower fields or back into the Nile. Immediately thereafter, sowing started, and harvesting followed some three or four months later. In the dry season thereafter, farming was not possible. Thus, all crops had to fit into this tight scheme of irrigation and timing.

In case of a small flood, the upper basins could not be filled with water which could mean food shortages or famine. If a flood was too large, it would damage villages, dykes and canals.

The basin irrigation method did not over-extract nutrients from the soils, and the soils' fertility was sustained by the annual silt deposit. Salinisation did not occur, since, in summer, the groundwater level was well below the surface, and any salinity which might have accrued was washed away by the next flood.

It is estimated that by this method, in ancient Egypt, some 2 million up to a maximum of 12 million inhabitants could be nourished. By the end of Late Antiquity, the methods and infrastructure slowly decayed, and the population diminished accordingly; by 1800, Egypt had some 2.5 million inhabitants.

Perennial irrigation

[edit]

Muhammad Ali PashaKhedive of Egypt (r. 1805–1848), attempted to modernize various aspects of Egypt. He endeavoured to extend arable land and achieve additional revenue by introducing cotton cultivation, a crop with a longer growing season and requiring sufficient water at all times. To this end, the Delta Barrages and wide systems of new canals were built, changing the irrigation system from the traditional basin irrigation to perennial irrigation whereby farmland could be irrigated throughout the year. Thereby, many crops could be harvested twice or even three times a year and agricultural output was increased dramatically. In 1873, Isma'il Pasha commissioned the construction of the Ibrahimiya Canal, thereby greatly extending perennial irrigation.

End of flooding

[edit]

The British, during their first period in Egypt, attempted to improve and expand the Egyptians' basin irrigation system, however the new infrastructure was not sufficiently capacious to fully retain the annual flooding. To remedy this, William Willcocks, in his role as director general of reservoirs for British Egypt, planned and supervised the construction of the Aswan Low Dam, the first true storage reservoir, and the Assiut Barrage, both completed in 1902. However, they were still not able to retain sufficient water to cope with the driest summers, despite the Aswan Low Dam being raised twice, in 1907–1912 and in 1929–1933.

During the 1920s, the British built the Sennar Dam on the Blue Nile to supply water to the massive Gezira Scheme on a regular basis from its reservoir. It was the first dam on the Nile to retain large amounts of sedimentation (and to divert a large quantity of it into the irrigation canals) and, despite opening its sluice gates during flooding to flush its sediments, the reservoir is assumed to have lost about a third of its storage capacity.[13][page needed] In 1966, the Roseires Dam was added to help irrigating the Gezira Scheme. The Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile south of Khartoum was completed in 1937 in order to compensate for the Blue Nile's low waters in winter, but it was still not possible to overcome a period of very low waters in the Nile and thus avoid occasional drought, which had plagued Egypt since ancient times.

To overcome these problems, Harold Edwin Hurst, a British hydrologist in the Egyptian Public Works, studied the fluctuations of the water levels in the Nile, and in 1946 submitted a complex "century storage" plan to cope with exceptionally dry seasons occurring statistically once in 100 years. His ideas of constructing new reservoirs using Lake VictoriaLake Albert and Lake Tana, and of reducing the evaporation in the Sudd by digging the Jonglei Canal, were opposed by the states concerned.

Eventually, Gamal Abdel NasserPresident of Egypt from 1956 to 1970, opted for the idea of the Aswan High Dam at Aswan in Egypt instead of attempting coordinate internationally with upriver states. The required size of the reservoir was calculated by Hurst's figures and mathematical methods. In 1970, with the completion of the Aswan High Dam and filling of Lake Nasser—which was able to contain even the highest of high water—the annual flooding cycle in Egypt came to an end.

See also

[edit]


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