Franklin D. Roosevelt Metro station, a tribute to the former US President
Franklin D. Roosevelt Metro station boasts a contemporary decor that pays homage to its namesake, the revered US President who commanded Allied troops during World War II. Following a complete renovation in 2011, the station’s aesthetic is very international, reflecting its proximity to the Rond-Point des Champs-Elysées, one of Paris’s most iconic tourist destinations, and serves as a tribute to the United States.
General view of the station
Modernity is a central theme, evident in the station’s metal ceiling lamps adorned with intricate perforations that illuminate the platforms. The black and yellow color scheme of the tiles adorning the walls and vaulted ceiling further accentuates the contemporary ambiance.
The seating arrangements, designed to complement the modern aesthetic, offer a choice between two styles. Dark grey metal bucket-style seats exude contemporary sophistication, while standard-shaped yellow seats add a vibrant pop of color to the space.
Lastly, adding a dynamic touch, five touch-screen displays along the platforms accommodate temporary advertising campaigns, infusing the station with a sense of versatility and innovation.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Metro Station on Line 1
Franklin D. Roosevelt Metro station is situated on Line 1, the very first line of the Paris Metro system inaugurated for the Exhibition Universelle of 1900.
Yellow and Black colour scheme and touch-screen
Today, the station operates as a fully automated system, devoid of a driver, with glass safety screens effectively isolating the platforms from the rails, ensuring passenger safety.
“ You know I do really hate to say it The government don't want to see But if Roosevelt was livin' He wouldn't let this be, no, no”. Do you guys think MJ was a social democrat, I definitely think he would’ve supported Bernie.
L'itinéraire le plus rapide en métro pour aller de la station Madeleine située 2 rue Tronchet / 3 rue Tronchet 75108 Paris 8ème vers la station Franklin-Roosevelt localisée 60 avenue Montaigne 75108 Paris 8ème , est parcouru en 00 H 10 minutes. Sans compter la durée de la marche à pied et de l'attente pour rejoindre les stations éstimée à 8 minutes.
Il n'y a pas de ligne de métro directe entre les stations Madeleine et Franklin-Roosevelt. Le trajet est effectué avec une correspondances entre les lignes et .
La distance kilométrique entre les deux stations est calculée à 1.06 km. Le trajet en marchant à pied entre Madeleine et Franklin-Roosevelt est parcouru en14 minutes.
Horaires des prochains passages à la station : Madeleine
Feuille de route en métro (Madeleine -> Franklin-Roosevelt)
Aller à la station Madeleine et prendre le Métro ligne
En direction de Mairie d'Issy
1 : MADELEINE
2 : CONCORDE
Aller à la station Concorde et prendre le Métro ligne
En direction de La défense
3 : CONCORDE
4 : CHAMPS-ELYSÉES-CLÉMENCEAU
5 : FRANKLIN-ROOSEVELT
Plan de l'itinéraire métro de Madeleine vers Franklin-Roosevelt
Localisation de la station métro Madeleine
La station métro Madeleine est localisée à l'adresse : 2 rue Tronchet / 3 rue Tronchet 75108 Paris 8ème . Quant à l'arrêt Franklin-Roosevelt, il est situé à l'adresse : 60 avenue Montaigne 75108 Paris 8ème : A : Madeleine | B : Franklin-Roosevelt
Madeleine Albright, the first woman to serve as the U.S. secretary of state, died Wednesday, her family said in a statement.
She was 84.
Albright died of cancer, her family said, adding that she was "surrounded by family and friends" at the time.
"We have lost a loving mother, grandmother, sister, aunt and friend," the statement said, as well as a "tireless champion of democracy and human rights."
President Joe Biden remembered Albright as “a force for goodness, grace, and decency—and for freedom.” She “defied convention and broke barriers again and again,” Biden said in a statement.
He ordered flags to be flown at half-mast in her honor until March 27.
Then-President Bill Clinton named Albright the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations shortly after he was inaugurated in 1993, and nominated her as the secretary of state three years later. She was confirmed in 1997 by a vote of 99-0. At the time, she was the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government.
President Bill Clinton with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright in 1999.Cynthia Johnson / Getty Images file
Albright served in the post for four years, actively promoting the expansion of NATO and military intervention in Kosovo.
On Wednesday, Clinton remembered Albright as "an extraordinary human being."
"Because she knew firsthand that America's policy decisions had the power to make a difference in people's lives around the world, she saw her jobs as both an obligation and an opportunity. And she made the most of them in advancing peace, security and shared prosperity," the former president said, adding he last spoke to Albright two weeks ago.
On this day in history, construction commenced on the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia to house the expanding U.S. War Department. It was completed in 1943. According to Mental Floss:
The first site chosen for the building was Arlington Farms, which was pentagon-shaped. But planners figured out that the building would block the view of Washington from nearby Arlington National Cemetery. So another site was chosen (where Hoover Field used to be). By this time, planning was so far advanced that the shape couldn’t be changed. Also, President Roosevelt liked the design—an important factor in keeping the original layout. ‘I like it because nothing like it has ever been done that way before,’ Roosevelt said of the design.”
The War Department Office building, better known as the Pentagon, Arlington, Va., shown under construction, Jan.17, 1942.
Today, the Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. As a symbol of the U.S. military, “The Pentagon” is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S. Department of Defense. (Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.)
The Pentagon is one of the world’s largest office buildings, with about 6,500,000 sq ft, of which 3,700,000 sq ft are used as offices. Approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon. It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi of corridors. Each of its five sides is 921 feet long, which means a lap around the outside of the building is almost a mile. It also includes a five-acre central plaza, shaped like a pentagon and informally known as “ground zero,” a nickname originating during the Cold War.
Picture of the Pentagon showing the central plaza
Sixty years later to the day from the groundbreaking for the Pentagon, 184 airplane passengers, civilians and military personnel perished when terrorists crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the building’s west side. Today, there are exactly 184 benches outside the Pentagon’s southwest side to commemorate those who died in the attack.
Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House, delivering radio address, 11 September 1941. Note his black armband for his mother’s death four days before (US National Archives: 197058)
The current moon phase for July 22nd, 1944 is the Waxing Crescent phase.
On this day, the moon is 2.2 days old and 4.74% illuminated with a tilt of 79.105°. The approximate distance from Earth to the moon is 403,200.06 km and the moon sign is Leo.
The Moon phase for July 22nd, 1944 is a Waxing Crescent phase. This is the phase where the moon started to become visible again after the New Moon.
In this part of the moon cycle, the Moon is moving away from the Sun and is becoming more and more illuminated by sunlight. In this phase, the moon will go from 0.1% to 49.9% illuminated before reaching the First Quarter phase.
In the Waxing Crescent phase the moon rises before noon in the east, transits the meridian before sunset, before setting in the west before midnight.
The Waxing Crescent phase, like all moon phases, will last for just over 7 days. The actual length will vary because of the elliptical shaped orbit of the moon. The moon is close to the Sun in the sky and the right edge will become brighter as it approaches 50% illumination and the First Quarter phase
Fun fact: although only a small part of the Moon is illuminated in the Waxing Crescent phase, you can still sometimes see the rest of moon as faintly visible. This is known as "earthshine" or Da Vinci glow and is a result of sunlight being reflected off the Earth and back to the Moon.
Want to view the moon phase for a specific date? Use the handy calendar below to find any date you like and see what the current phase of the moon was for that date.
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Upcoming Moon Phases
Below are the upcoming moon phase dates and times. For more information on each of the phases, you can click the link to find out more.
The Nine Planets has been online since 1994 and was one of the first multimedia websites that appeared on the World Wide Web.
Take an interactive tour of the solar system, or browse the site to find fascinating information, facts, and data about our planets, the solar system, and beyond.
World monetary order endures eighty years of Bretton Woods
Institutional Communication Service
2 July 2024
Edoardo Beretta, a Full Professor at USI Faculty of Economics, recently commemorated the 80th anniversary of the event that took place on 1 July 1944, where the United States of America and its allies established the foundations for the creation of two institutions: the IMF and the World Bank. You can find the complete article published in the economic pages of Corriere del Ticino, below.
Turning eighty and still feeling young. An example is the historic event that began on 1 July 1944 at the Bretton Woods American ski resort. During the crucial stages of World War II, more than 700 representatives from 44 countries gathered for three weeks to define the international monetary order. Germany, Japan, and Italy were notably absent due to their involvement in the wartime hostilities that led to World War II. However, countries such as Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Greece, India, the United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States were among those present.
A milestone
Whether you're an insider or simply interested in history and current events, the Bretton Woods Conference (1-22 July 1944) remains a crucial milestone of the 20th century. The decisions made in that convulsive and dramatic historical moment continue to define various mechanisms for the functioning of the international monetary economy. Let's consider a few examples right away. Although increasingly challenged by China and emerging countries, the dominance of the U.S. dollar is still an objective fact. This dominance can be traced back to decisions made in three weeks, during which it was agreed that the U.S. currency would be the only one accepted in international trade and financial exchanges. In other words, nations worldwide would need U.S. dollars to settle their trade and financial purchases from the rest of the world. Needless to point out, the situation is no different today, except for the fact that since the 1970s, the pool of international reserve currencies (i.e., expendable cross-border) has expanded to often include the British pound-which at the time of the final phase of the gold system (gold standard) in the early 20th century was by international expendability the alter ego of the U.S. dollar and some of the precursor currencies of the euro. Without indulging in regrets but while noting the inevitable - if the "Keynes Plan" representing the United Kingdom had been opted for at the time instead of the "White Plan" brought by the United States - the distribution of "checks and balances" in terms of international monetary role would have been (at least on paper) more balanced since the British proposal included a unit of account somehow still based on gold (not coincidentally, called bancor) and accounting issuance by a supranational body (International Clearing Union) apt to offset international trade and financial balances.
The French and Canadian plans - much less remembered than the American and British plans - rested instead, respectively, even more on precious metals and the role of a few (few) currencies that could be considered international reserve currencies.
Keynes's Failure to Bancor
Also derived from the Bretton Woods Accords are the "sister" international monetary institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Group, about which John Maynard Keynes himself is remembered by David D. Driscoll (1995) as commenting that he "was confused by the names: I thought the Fund should be called a bank and the Bank should be called a fund".
In fact, neither the IMF nor the World Bank are banks; rather, they are funds. They do not have the authority to issue money; instead, they only have the capacity to facilitate financial transactions. This fact is not crucial in this context, but it demonstrates that there is currently no actual "central bank of central banks" at the global level. But it is also from those New Hampshire mountains that the now structural U.S. external debt ($25,984.6 billion on a gross basis, according to 31 December 2023 data from the U.S. Treasury) also descends, which not coincidentally began to accumulate at a significant rate in the immediate post-World War II period and entailed - again not coincidentally - from 1971 (the year of demonetisation of gold) the first deficit in the current account of the U.S. balance of payments. To make it clear: while the U.S. enjoyed for several decades the monetary privilege of having the only internationally accepted currency to settle trade and financial transactions, it was (and partially still is) called upon to supply the entire world with so-called international liquidity, that is, the U.S. dollars needed for international trade. The main way of doing this consists(ed) of buying (increasingly and excessively) goods and services from the rest of the world instead of producing them domestically. This "exorbitant privilege" as defined by the French economist Jacques Rueff in 1971, was, therefore, also an "exorbitant burden" that made the U.S. industrial sector from the post-World War II period onward deeply dependent on foreign imports with a balance of payments increasingly in structural deficit with an annual deficit reaching as much as $971.6 billion in 2022.
The end of the gold system
And it was also at Bretton Woods that the role of gold in international payments was deemed increasingly outdated. This was solidified by its demonetisation in 1971 when the U.S. dollar also ceased to be convertible to gold, and by the sale of one-sixth of the IMF's gold reserves in 1976. During this period, the price of gold saw unprecedented growth, emerging as a safe-haven asset whose fluctuations continue to be closely monitored today. Bretton Woods is, therefore, a milestone in economic-monetary history for fully understanding some of today's phenomena influencing economic-political decisions. The question remains, perhaps, whether (and when) a "Bretton Woods 2" will be necessary, although - for the moment - such a scenario does not seem to be on the horizon. Exactly: eighty years old, and still feeling young. Best wishes, Bretton Woods!
* Attached you can download the PDF with Professor Beretta's piece, on the economic pages of the Corriere del Ticino
With more than a million visitors each year, Castel Sant’Angelo (also known as Mole Adriana) is one of the main landmarks in Rome. Surrounded by massive walls, the central structure has a peculiar circular shape, which stand 48 meters above the ground. The site has undergone an incredible number of changes and structural alterations: from monumental burial site to fortress, from horrific prison to splendid private residence, from military headquarters to world famous museum.
This very special castle, just a stroll away from the Vatican, doesn’t have the gloomy and grim looks of the Medieval fortresses, but, as we will see, its mighty walls, halls decorated with frescoes and grids of passages, do hide more than one secret. A visit to this site, is not just a travel back in time, but an exciting travel through time, from 2000 years ago, up to the present day.
A Mausoleum for the Emperor Hadrian
The story begins around 130 A.D. when the emperor Hadrian, who wasn’t only greatly fascinated by art and philosophy, but highly regarded the spiritual world, decided to build a monument that would have served as the burial site for him, his family and his successors. As inspiration, he used the mausoleum of Augustus. The monument had a square plant, and was built with precious marbles and decorated with statues. At the top, it was surmounted by a huge shiny bronze statue of Hadrian riding a quadriga (a four-horse chariot).
The mausoleum was located in the suburbs of the city, on the other side of the Tiber river banks, where the Forum and the other important buildings stood. For this reason, a bridge was built to connect the site to the rest of the city. The construction works took some years, and were only completed by the successor of Hadrian, Antonino Pio, in 139 AD. Hadrian was finally buried here, together with his beloved wife Sabine. Among the emperors that were laid to rest here, there are Antonino Pio, Commodo, Marcus Aurelius and Caracalla, together with most of their wives and sons.
Hadrian's dream became reality, and the emperors, which were adored as deities after their death, would have had a proper burial. But, when reading the verses that Hadrian dedicated to his own soul, and engraved on a plaque in the imperial urns hall, we discover a much more intimate dimension to his feelings and fears about his inevitable passing away.
“Animula vagula blandula, Hospes comesque corporis, Quae nunc abibis? In Loca, Pallidula rigida nudula, nec ut soles dabis Iocos.” "Little soul, you charming little wanderer, my body’s guest and partner, where are you off to now? Somewhere without color, savage and bare; You’ll crack no more of your jokes once you’re there.” (Hadrian)
The Fortress, the Vatican and the Passetto
In 400 AD, the emperor Onorio decided to convert the castle into a fortress, to protect the city from the increasing raids of the Barbarians. The structure was incorporated into the Aurelian walls and fitted with turrets and bastions.
During the siege of the Vandals, the Romans finished all the ammunition, and started to throw to their opponents any heavy object they could find, included many statues dating back to Hadrian’s times. One of those, the Faunus Barberini, was found many years later lying in the river Tiber. It was restored and sold to a German prince of Bavaria by the Barberini family, who were in financial hardship. The statue, considered one of the masterpieces of Hellenistic art, is still in Germany.
After the fall of the Empire, the castle was quarreled among many local prominent families, often linked with the power of the papacy. In 1277, pope Niccolò III built the Passetto del Borgo (in Roman dialect, Er Coridore): an elevated passageway on the bastions, connecting the Apostolic Palace to the castle. It has been used at least twice by the popes, to flee to safety during attacks to the city. Today, it is possible to visit the Passetto during the day, while in the summer you can also book a stunning nighttime visit from 8 pm onward, but only on specific days.
The popes have always used the castle as a shelter in case of battles or armed clashes. In the late Middle Ages, the central building was partially adapted as a papal residency, as it was considered safer than the Vatican apartments. Among the artists who enriched the halls of the castle with frescoes, is the famous Pinturicchio. Almost every pope has made some sort of renovation to the castle, adapting it to its personal needs and taste. During the Renaissance, the pope built the pentagonal outer walls still surrounding the castle today.
When it was a Prison
The castle wasn’t just a fortress, contented by many for the control over the city, but it was a place of detention for a great number of notable prisoners. There were basically two categories of cells: the obscure and dark ones obtained by adapting the ancient rooms of the basement, and some in the upper levels, usually assigned to high-status prisoners. Some of those prisons are open to visitors.
One of the most infamous cells was called San Marocco (or Sammalò). Originally, this cell was one of the air ducts of the ancient central room where the Imperial funeral urns were kept. Basically, it was a deep, dark hole with no windows, where the prisoner was lowered, and it was so narrow and low that he had no chance of standing or lying down.
During the centuries, among the people that were forced to spend some time locked up in the castle, there were more than one high rank clergymen, sometimes betrayed and killed by opponents, or even by other members of their own family.
The Count of Cagliostro, an obscure and self-proclaimed alchemist, but also famous scammer, was captured while hiding in an hotel on the Spanish Steps, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He spent the first three years of detention here.
In 1600, Giordano Bruno, accused of heresy, underwent, in the castle’s halls, the trial that condemned him to be burned at the stake in the square of Campo de’ Fiori (not far from Piazza Navona) where a statue of the philosopher still commemorates the event. Even the famous sculptor Benvenuto Cellini, the creator of art masterpieces, spent about one year in those cells.
But one of the creepiest events was the imprisonment of the young noblewoman Beatrice Cenci, who was accused of killing her abusing father and beheaded in 1599, at the age of 22. The execution stirred deep emotion among the population, who were against the pope’s decision, and her unfair execution made her a popular heroine, and symbol of the excessive power of the Vatican. The ghost of Beatrice is believed to appear every year, on September the 11th, walking back and forward on the bridge in front of the castle, holding her severed head in one hand. If you’d like to know more about the darkest secrets of Rome, you can have a look at our Ghost Walk Tour page.
The French Army Siege and the End of the Papal State
When you walk into the castle, you’ll soon realize that there is a particular focus on old armaments, which are well represented both in the outside spaces and in the museum halls of the complex. During the Napoleonic era, the castle was occupied by the French army. Then, in 1849, the newly proclaimed Republic of Rome was besieged and then, again, occupied by the French. They took possession of the Sant’Angelo Castle, and, after extensively bombing the town center, returned the command of the city to the pope. This only lasted until the Italian army arrived to Rome in 1870, defeating the French and Swiss armies protecting the pope, and annexing Rome to the Italian Republic. The Italian army took control of the castle, and the government installed military headquarters there.
The Legend (and Ups and Downs) of the Angel
At the top of the castle, you’ll see a bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, who is “responsible” for the permanent name change of the monument, that was once a pagan tribute to the Roman emperors. However, the statue you see today was not the first one to sit at the top of Castel Sant’Angelo, but, actually, the sixth in line!
In the year 590 AD, during some of the darkest times of the city, a terrible plague struck the citizens. Pope Gregory organized a solemn procession to beg God to put an end to that nightmare. When crossing the bridge in front of the castle, the pope had a vision of the Archangel Michael in the act of sheathing his sword. This was interpreted as a sign that the plague would have soon come to an end.
To celebrate the event, the pope ordered a wooden statue of the angel be built, and this was the first one that sat at the top of the monument. When the statue was completely ruined by wear, it was replaced with a marble one, which was destroyed during a siege, in 1379. The third angel (again, made of marble, with bronze wings) was hit by a lightning strike. The fourth one, made of bronze covered in gold, was fused to make cannons. The fifth in line is a marble statue with bronze wings. Even this one was replaced, and now it’s located inside the castle’s courtyard.
So, after this troubled story, who is the angel which surmounts the castle today? It’s a bronze statue made in 1753 by a Flemish artist called Peter Anton von Vershaffelt. This angel was restored about 30 years ago, hoping it will have better luck than the previous ones!
The Castle Today
The site is now a museum, and features different itineraries:
The outer walls, fortifications, passages and prisons.
The basement with the visible ruins of the ancient Hadrian’s mausoleum.
The papal apartments and halls.
A vast collection of statues, paintings, artifacts, and a large armory featuring weapons and ancient armors.
The terrace of the angel, where you’ll enjoy one of the most stunning views of the capital. Get your camera ready!
A visit to this site is fun and entertaining for the whole family. Under request, there is also an elevator available. You can visit the castle with a guide or on your own. It is recommended to book your tickets online.
Castel Sant'Angelo: Fast Track & Guided Tour
Castel Sant'Angelo: Fast Track & Guided Tour
Enjoy a guided tour of Castel Sant’Angelo without having to wait in the long queue. This monument was previously the mausoleum of Emperor Hadrian, a Papal fortress and also a prison! Explore the halls, admire the splendid murals and learn about one of Rome’s most famous landmarks. From the top, you will see jaw dropping views of the Eternal City. The ticket includes priority entrance and a headset, so that you can always hear the guide.
from € 49,00
Castel Sant’Angelo: Fast Track
Castel Sant’Angelo: Fast Track
Castel Sant'Angelo has been used for many different purposes over the centuries. It was built as a Mausoleum, providing a final resting place for Emperor Hadrian and his family. After that, it has been a prison and defense fortress. Today it is a museum. Atop Castel Sant'Angelo is a statue of the Archangel Michael. Skip the queue by buying your tickets online in advance. The Angel Bridge connects the castle across the Tiber with the other side of Rome.
Tema anterior
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1 : MADELEINE
President Bill Clinton with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright in 1999.Cynthia Johnson / Getty Images file
