Canada

Coordinates: 60°N 110°W

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For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation).

Canada
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: A mari usque ad mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea"
Anthem: "O Canada"    Duration: 1 minute and 14 seconds.1:14 Royal anthem: "God Save the King"[1]    Duration: 51 seconds.0:51
Capital	Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W
Largest city	Toronto
Official languages	English French
Demonym(s)	Canadian
Government	Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch	Charles III
• Governor General	Mary Simon
• Prime Minister	Justin Trudeau
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Commons
Independence  from the United Kingdom
• Confederation	July 1, 1867
• Statute of Westminster, 1931	December 11, 1931
• Patriation	April 17, 1982
Area
• Total area	9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (2nd)
• Water (%)	11.76 (2015)[2]
• Total land area	9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)
Population
• 2024 Q4 estimate	41,465,298[3] (36th)
• 2021 census	36,991,981[4]
• Density	4.2/km2 (10.9/sq mi) (236th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$2.582 trillion[5] (16th)
• Per capita	$62,766[5] (30th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$2.215 trillion[5] (9th)
• Per capita	$53,834[5] (18th)
Gini (2024)	29.2[6] low inequality
HDI (2022)	0.935[7] very high (18th)
Currency	Canadian dollar ($) (CAD)
Time zone	UTC−3.5 to −8
• Summer (DST)	UTC−2.5 to −7
Calling code	+1
ISO 3166 code	CA
Internet TLD	.ca

Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. With a population of just over 41 million people, it has widely varying population densities, with the majority residing in urban areas and large areas of the country being sparsely populated. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories resulting in the displacement of Indigenous populations, and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This increased sovereignty was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition. The country's head of government is the prime minister, who holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons and is appointed by the governor general, representing the monarch of Canada, the ceremonial head of state. The country is a Commonwealth realm and is officially bilingual (English and French) in the federal jurisdiction. It is very highly ranked in international measurements of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and human rights. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its history, economy, and culture.

A developed country, Canada has a high nominal per capita income globally and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world by nominal GDP, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Recognized as a middle power, Canada's strong support for multilateralism and internationalism has been closely related to its foreign relations policies of peacekeeping and aid for developing countries. Canada is part of multiple international organizations and forums.

Etymology

Main article: Name of Canada

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada, the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".^[8] In 1535, Indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.^[9] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona);^[9] by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as Canada.^[9]

From the 16th to the early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.^[10] Following the British conquest of New France, this area was known as the British Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1791.^[11] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. These two colonies were collectively named the Canadas until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841.^[12]

Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference and the word dominion was conferred as the country's title.^[13] By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "realm of the Commonwealth".^[14]

The Canada Act 1982, which brought the Constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.^[15]

It gets even more intriguing when Pan Am 103 is added to the correlation.  First, it needs to be mentioned that the same Quatrain VI-97 had been very closely associated to another notorious plane crash - TWA 800 (as shown in 'Babylon Matrix').  And again, somehow, another major and equally notorious place crash, Pan Am 103, comes to relate to the same quatrain.  Besides the timing (i.e. coinciding with the bombing of Novi Sad), an interesting correlation can be made with VI-97's fourth line, "When they want to have proof of the Normans", as one of the Scottish prosecutors for the trial is named 'Norman' (McFadyen) as mentioned in the news article.  Obviously, the "proof of (the) Norman(s)" is to be a key part of the trial, thus nicely fitting the line.

Next, the involvement of Scotland in the Pan Am 103 incident turns out to be significant through Scotland's strong historical connection to the Masonic/Templar tradition from which the stories of the Ark/Grail cannot be separated.  What fills the gaps between the issues (Pam Am 103/Scotland, Ark/Grail, VI-97, etc.) is yet another plane crash, the crash of Swissair 111 (Sept. 2, '98) off Nova Scotia, Canada, which was en route from NYC to Geneva, Switzerland.  It is one of the most recent major airplane crashes.  It is rather congruent that a recent major plane crash, Swissair 111, is to be linked, as we will see, with both TWA 800 and Pan Am 103, as both of those two airplane incidents made the headlines recently (the story of TWA 800's crash itself, and the story about the handover of the suspects of Pan Am 103) and both are hypothesized to be connected to Quatrain VI-97.

The link between TWA 800 and Swissair 111 is insinuated by the fact that both crashed mysteriously soon after taking off from NYC.  Those incidents were only about 1 year apart (July '97 and Sept. '98).  The connection between Swissair 111 and Pan Am 103 is first suggested in the name 'Nova Scotia' (where the Swissair 111 crash occurred) which means 'New Scotland' (Pan Am 103 exploded over Scotland).  Notice that the "New" part can relate to VI-97's "new city" and it also happens that Nova Scotia is nicely bisected by the "45 degrees" N latitude, and Nova Scotia is historically closely connected with France (=> "Normans").  Furthermore, Swissair 111's destination Switzerland is roughly at "45 degrees" N., and the name Switzerland is derived from a word that means 'to burn' - as in "45 degrees the sky will burn" (!) (it's, therefore, interesting that the capital of Switzerland is called 'Bern'), strengthening the connection between Swissair 111 and VI-97.

And here are some Scotland-Nova Scotia connections that will shift the focus to the new 'associative matrix' of Ark/Grail.  It happens that Nova Scotia, like Scotland, is also involved in the Templar tradition and the 'Holy Grail'.  Nova Scotia, it turns out, is exactly where the 'Holy Grail' (whatever it may represent) is theorized by some scholars to have been taken by the Knights Templar.  In support of this theory, the region of Nova Scotia and the land around it was called 'Acadia' by the French which closely resembles 'Arcadia' which is a term that is very closely associated with the Grail tradition.

The involvement of Switzerland is also very significant as it is a country theorized by some to be founded by the Templars - the country's flag (white cross on red background - the reverse of the Templar symbol of 'red/rose cross') and its famous banking business (the Templars essentially founded the banking system we use today) strongly suggests this, for example.  It is also interesting to note that Switzerland is located largely on the Alps which forms a big 'arc' (that separates Italy, France and Switzerland) potentially relatable to the 'Ark' theme. Additionally, the word 'arktos', in Greek, resembling 'ark', refers to the constellation Ursa Major known to Egyptians as 'the thigh' - which can be correlated with the Alps/Switzerland because as you probably know Italy is shaped like a leg with a high-heel shoe and if you consider the size of the foot/shoe, anatomically the land of Italy would correspond to the calf and the Alps/Switzerland region would correspond to the thigh!

For subtler links, we can add that Paris, the destination of TWA 800, has as its landmark the 'Arc de Triomphe' (which was discussed extensively in my long piece, 'The Elysian Fields', so this connection is not as arbitrary as some of you might think), and the mythological character 'Paris' happens to be closely associated with 'torch', thus relating to the fire/flame/burn theme derived from VI-97.  It should also be noted that the Statue of Liberty standing beside Long Island/'Fire' Island of NYC (with which TWA 800 and Swissair 111 are connected) which holds the 'torch' of freedom was given to U.S. by France, and there is a smaller replica of the statue in Paris.  (For more detailed exposition on the link between the Statue of Liberty and Quatrain VI-97, see 'Babylon Matrix')  Additionally, the flight number of the Swissair plane, '111', also seems to bear a subtle esoteric symbolism, as the Sumerian version of (Noah's) 'Ark' (which can be linked with the Ark of the Covenant in some ways) "was a cube - a modest one, measuring 60x60x60 fathoms, which represents the unit in the sexagesimal system where 60 is written as 1" (Hamlet's Mill, p219).  So, the ark could also be seen as 1x1x1 or '111', the number of the plane.