Cuál fue el objetivo político que trazó Perón para la gira por Europa y su estrategia ante la invitación de Franco. La sorpresa del efecto Evita y el fusilamiento que logró evitar. Las chicanas de la Iglesia.
El viaje de Eva Perón a Europa, en 1947, tuvo suma importancia. En realidad, su origen se produjo cuando Juan Domingo Perón asume el 4 de junio de 1946 y empieza a desarrollar una política exterior independiente de acuerdo con su concepción de la denominada “Tercera Posición”, es decir, de no estar atado al capitalismo ni al comunismo.
Esta idea de Perón fue bastante difícil de manejar porque, para colmo, a los pocos meses le llegó una invitación de Francisco Franco, el caudillo fascista que permanece como dueño y señor de España, para que fuera a recorrer el país de donde procedían muchas familias argentinas.
Para Perón fue todo un problema porque una cosa era mantenerse independiente de Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña y otra, aparecer junto a un fascista que venía de una guerra civil con cientos de miles de muertos.
La situación también era complicada para la Argentina, porque el país mantuvo la neutralidad durante casi toda la Segunda Guerra Mundial y recién definió su posición cuando el conflicto estaba por terminar. En aquel contexto, se planteaba que los aliados iban a hacer pagar muy caro a España y a la Argentina por su falta de apoyo durante la guerra.
Por eso, tampoco resultaba conveniente rechazar la propuesta de Franco, más allá de su ideología y su historia negra.
Entonces, Perón llamó al padre Hernán Benítez, que era su asesor en muchas cosas, y le dijo que viajara a España para proponer que la persona que iba a representar a la Argentina iba a ser Eva Perón, la esposa del presidente argentino.
La importancia de esta decisión quizás hoy no sea valorada en su real dimensión. Eva era una muchacha de 28 años que no conocía nada de cancillerías ni protocolos diplomáticos. No olvidemos que poco tiempo antes, ella estaba buscando trabajo en compañías de teatro tras haber salido de Junín con sólo 15 años.
Pero evidentemente, Perón había captado que Eva tenía el carácter y la capacidad suficientes para representar a la Argentina en aquel viaje.
Otra de las instrucciones que llevó el padre Benítez fue combinar la visita a España con otros destinos europeos. “Vaya a Francia, a Italia, al Vaticano”, para que el viaje no aparezca como una adhesión al fascismo español, fue la indicación de Perón.
Según me contó el propio padre Benítez, los preparativos de lo que ya se había convertido en una gira comenzaron durante los primeros meses de 1947. Lilian Lagomarsino de Guardo, que la acompañó, recordó que Evita sentía cierto temor ante el inminente viaje a Europa. En aquellos años sólo los ricos se permitían viajar en avión, a lo que se sumaba el hecho que ella era una joven mujer que iba acompañada únicamente por la esposa del diputado Ricardo Guardo.
Finalmente, Eva partió de Argentina el 7 de junio de 1947. Antes de ascender al avión, le escribió una carta a Perón en la que le ratificó su amor y la decisión de dar todo para cumplir su misión en Europa. También aprovechó la misma nota para comentarle que su secretario privado, Rodolfo Freude, era una mala persona ya que había mandado gente a Junín para investigar su pasado.
Ya en España, el 9 de junio la condecoraron con la Cruz de Isabel la Católica en una concentración que reunió a 300 mil personas. Para entender la presencia de esta multitud es importante recordar que España atravesaba una crisis tremenda y la Argentina le estaba enviando alimentos en medio de una política de Perón de intentar consolidar su gobierno en el campo internacional.
Además, aquella impresionante cantidad de gente se encontró con una muchacha que tenía a su favor haber sido actriz y tener cierto conocimiento de cómo expresarse en público. Como si fuera poco, Eva levantaba la bandera de la justicia social y, si bien sus palabras eran para todos los trabajadores, se dirigía especialmente a las mujeres y a las obreras de España.
“Mujeres españolas, no he venido a formar ejes sino a tender un arco iris de paz con todos los pueblos, como corresponde al espíritu de la mujer. Unamos nuestros esfuerzos”, afirmó Eva en un discurso que tuvo una gran resonancia en toda Europa, porque expresaba la posición de Argentina, de un gobierno nuevo sobre el que muchos dudaban después que Perón fuera calificado de fascista por parte de la oposición.
Más allá de cualquier consideración política, Eva se mantuvo al margen de todo protocolo desde el comienzo de su viaje. Así, si visitaba Madrid tenía que ir a los suburbios de la ciudad porque quería estar en contacto directo con los trabajadores. De esta manera, la llevaron a una corrida de toros y no tuvo reparos en decir que le parecía algo inhumano.
En una de esas concentraciones populares se le acercó un pibe y le entregó una carta que decía: “Señora Eva Perón, me han fusilado a mi padre y ahora van a fusilar a mi madre. Necesito que me ayude. Se llama Juana Doña, está en la cárcel de mujeres y Franco la quiere matar”. Conmovida, Eva planteó a Franco la situación de aquella militante comunista, por lo que se vieron obligados a levantar la sanción.
Durante el paso de Eva por España hubo varias manifestaciones populares que contaron con la presencia de Franco, quien por momentos evidenció un excesivo silencio y cierto desagrado por las cosas que decía ella. “Usted cuando quiera juntar gente, llámeme”, le sugirió Eva.
Naturalmente, durante su estadía en España la llevaron a recorrer los lugares más tradicionales, entre ellos el palacio de El Escorial. Allí, después de admirar la estructura monumental de la construcción, no pudo evitar decir: “Qué hermoso hospital se podría hacer aquí para el pueblo” (extraído de las Memorias de Lilian de Guardo).
Antes de partir el 26 de julio, provocó toda una serie de complicaciones. El padre Benítez fue el autor de unos de sus primeros discursos, que resultaron bastante fuertes incluso para el peronismo de la época. En virtud de ello, la cúpula de la Iglesia le llamó la atención al sacerdote y le ordenó que debía apartarse y no seguir acompañándola.
— “Padre, la clase rica está sacando a los chicos”, le dijeron en un llamado desde Buenos Aires.
— “Bueno, están sacando los chicos a la calle, me parece muy bien así aprenden un poco lo que es la calle”, fue el comentario del padre Benítez.
— “No, no, los están sacando de los colegios y es muy grave porque significa una pérdida de dinero muy grande para la Iglesia”, le contestaron.
Más allá de la clara distinción entre lo que era la religión y el negocio de la educación, terminaron sancionando al Padre Benítez para que no apareciera más junto a Evita.
Pero fue tarde. El sacerdote ya había realizado todas las gestiones para que el viaje de Eva se extendiera a Italia y Francia.
English: The Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Orden de Isabel la Católica) is a Spanish civil order granted in recognition of services that benefit the country. The Order is not exclusive to Spaniards, and many foreigners have been awarded it. The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain in honor of Queen Isabella I of Castile with the name of "Royal and American Order of Isabella the Catholic" with the intent of "rewarding the firm allegiance to Spain and the merits of Spanish citizens and foreigners in good standing with the Nation and especially in those exceptional services provided in pursuit of territories in America and overseas." The Order was reorganized by royal decree on 26 July 1847, as the modern "Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic" with a broader focus than the Americas.
Español: La Real Orden de Isabel la Católica es una condecoración del Reino de España creada por el rey Fernando VII de España el 14 de marzo de 1815, con el nombre de Real y Americana Orden de Isabel la Católica, con el fin de «premiar la lealtad acrisolada y los méritos contraídos en favor de la prosperidad de aquellos territorios», y mediante un Real Decreto del 26 de julio de 1847 la orden tomó el nombre de Real Orden de Isabel la Católica. El último reglamento fue aprobado por Real Decreto en 1998, siendo su función actual "premiar aquellos comportamientos extraordinarios de carácter civil, realizados por personas españolas y extranjeras, que redunden en beneficio de la Nación o que contribuyan, de modo relevante, a favorecer las relaciones de amistad y cooperación de la Nación Española con el resto de la Comunidad Internacional". En la actualidad depende del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de España. El gran maestre de la Orden es el rey de España, mientras que el gran canciller de la Orden es el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores. Todos los títulos de las condecoraciones de la Orden deben llevar las firmas de ambos.
Order of Isabella the Catholic
Spanish civil order granted in recognition of services that benefit the country
This is a main category requiring frequent diffusion and maybe maintenance. As many pictures and media files as possible should be moved into appropriate subcategories.
Subcategories
This category has the following 11 subcategories, out of 11 total.
The Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Orden de Isabel la Católica) is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country.
The Order of Isabel the Catholic was instituted by King Ferdinand VII on 14 March 1815. The original statutes of the Order were approved by Royal Decree of 24 March, with membership made in three classes: Grand Cross, and Knights of First and Second Class. Ferdinand VII was declared the Order's Founder, Head, and Sovereign. On 7 October 1816, at the suggestion of the Chapter of the Order, the Knights of the first class were renamed Commanders and the second class were renamed Knights.
By royal decree of 26 July 1847, Isabella II reorganised the four royal orders in Spain: the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Langues of Aragon and Castile of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, the Order of Charles III, and the Order of Isabella the Catholic. The latter was reserved to reward exclusively the services rendered in the Overseas territories. The classes of the order became Knight, Commander, Commander by Number, and Grand Cross. The concession and tests of nobility was suppressed in all the Royal Orders. By royal decree of 28 October 1851, no concessions of Grand Cross of any orders were to be made without the proposal of the Council of Ministers and concessions for the lower classes with the proposal of the Secretary of State.
After the establishment of the First Republic, the Order was declared to be extinguished by Decree of 29 March 1873 as deemed to be incompatible with the republican government. Use of the various insignias was allowed to those who possessed them. When King Alfonso XII ascended to the throne, the Order was reestablished by Decree of 7 January 1875.
Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII, with collar and heraldic mantle of the Order.
During the minority of Alfonso XIII, his mother and Regent, Maria Cristina, signed the royal decrees of 15 April 1889 and 25 October 1900. Among other things, they sought to impose entry into the Order by the category of Knight, to prohibit the use of decorations until the corresponding title was obtained, and to ratify the obligation that the Grand Cross be awarded with the agreement of the Council of Ministers and for conferees to be published in the Official Gazette. By Royal Decree of 14 March 1903, the Silver Cross of the Order was created, and by Royal Decree of 15 April 1907, the Silver and Bronze Medals.
In Royal Decree 1118, of 22 June 1927, the superior grade of Knights of the Collar was created, to be awarded to prominent personalities of extraordinary merit. It also provides that women can also be decorated with either the lazo or banda.
The Provisional Government of the Republic, by decree of 24 July 1931, abolished all orders under the Ministry of State, except for the Order of Isabella the Catholic. The regulations approved by decree of 10 October 1931 introduced a new degree: Officer (Oficial). By decree of 8 August 1935, it was established that the first degree in the Order of Isabella the Catholic was that of the Grand Cross, the Collar being reserved exclusively for very exceptional cases.
In 1938, Franco, by decree of 15 June, restored the Order in its traditional meaning: to reward meritorious services rendered to the country by nationals and foreigners. The order's regulations were approved by Decree of 29 September 1938. According to the 1938 regulations, the order consisted of the following grades: Knight of the Collar, Knight Grand Cross, Commander by Number, Commander, Knight, and Silver Cross. Decree 1353/1971, of 5 June, re-incorporated the rank of Officer, placing it between the grades of Knight and Commander. Thus, the Order consisted of the following grades: Knight of the Collar, Knight of the Grand Cross, Banda de Dama (denomination of the Grand Cross when granted to ladies), Commander by Number, Commander, Officer, Knight, Lazo de Dama (the degree of Knight when it is granted to ladies), and Cruz de Plata.
The order's current regulations date from 1998 as approved by Royal Decree 2395/1998, of 6 November. Among its provisions, the categories of Banda de Dama, Cruz de Caballero and Lazo de Dama were repealed to avoid possible interpretations of there being gender discrimination. Notwithstanding this, for aesthetic and functional reasons, the ladies who are decorated use reduced versions of the insignia of each degree of the Order.
The Order of Isabel the Catholic was instituted by King Ferdinand VII on 14 March 1815. The original statutes of the Order were approved by Royal Decree of 24 March, with membership made in three classes: Grand Cross, and Knights of First and Second Class. Ferdinand VII was declared the Order's Founder, Head, and Sovereign. On 7 October 1816, at the suggestion of the Chapter of the Order, the Knights of the first class were renamed Commanders and the second class were renamed Knights.
By royal decree of 26 July 1847, Isabella II reorganised the four royal orders in Spain: the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Langues of Aragon and Castile of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, the Order of Charles III, and the Order of Isabella the Catholic. The latter was reserved to reward exclusively the services rendered in the Overseas territories. The classes of the order became Knight, Commander, Commander by Number, and Grand Cross. The concession and tests of nobility was suppressed in all the Royal Orders. By royal decree of 28 October 1851, no concessions of Grand Cross of any orders were to be made without the proposal of the Council of Ministers and concessions for the lower classes with the proposal of the Secretary of State.
After the establishment of the First Republic, the Order was declared to be extinguished by Decree of 29 March 1873 as deemed to be incompatible with the republican government. Use of the various insignias was allowed to those who possessed them. When King Alfonso XII ascended to the throne, the Order was reestablished by Decree of 7 January 1875.
Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII, with collar and heraldic mantle of the Order.
During the minority of Alfonso XIII, his mother and Regent, Maria Cristina, signed the royal decrees of 15 April 1889 and 25 October 1900. Among other things, they sought to impose entry into the Order by the category of Knight, to prohibit the use of decorations until the corresponding title was obtained, and to ratify the obligation that the Grand Cross be awarded with the agreement of the Council of Ministers and for conferees to be published in the Official Gazette. By Royal Decree of 14 March 1903, the Silver Cross of the Order was created, and by Royal Decree of 15 April 1907, the Silver and Bronze Medals.
In Royal Decree 1118, of 22 June 1927, the superior grade of Knights of the Collar was created, to be awarded to prominent personalities of extraordinary merit. It also provides that women can also be decorated with either the lazo or banda.
The Provisional Government of the Republic, by decree of 24 July 1931, abolished all orders under the Ministry of State, except for the Order of Isabella the Catholic. The regulations approved by decree of 10 October 1931 introduced a new degree: Officer (Oficial). By decree of 8 August 1935, it was established that the first degree in the Order of Isabella the Catholic was that of the Grand Cross, the Collar being reserved exclusively for very exceptional cases.
In 1938, Franco, by decree of 15 June, restored the Order in its traditional meaning: to reward meritorious services rendered to the country by nationals and foreigners. The order's regulations were approved by Decree of 29 September 1938. According to the 1938 regulations, the order consisted of the following grades: Knight of the Collar, Knight Grand Cross, Commander by Number, Commander, Knight, and Silver Cross. Decree 1353/1971, of 5 June, re-incorporated the rank of Officer, placing it between the grades of Knight and Commander. Thus, the Order consisted of the following grades: Knight of the Collar, Knight of the Grand Cross, Banda de Dama (denomination of the Grand Cross when granted to ladies), Commander by Number, Commander, Officer, Knight, Lazo de Dama (the degree of Knight when it is granted to ladies), and Cruz de Plata.
The order's current regulations date from 1998 as approved by Royal Decree 2395/1998, of 6 November. Among its provisions, the categories of Banda de Dama, Cruz de Caballero and Lazo de Dama were repealed to avoid possible interpretations of there being gender discrimination. Notwithstanding this, for aesthetic and functional reasons, the ladies who are decorated use reduced versions of the insignia of each degree of the Order.
Birdmanstarring Michael Keaton, the Best Picture award winner at this year's Oscars (2015), opens and ends with a mysterious sequence involving a big fireball streaking across the sky...
...evoking the real-life Chelyabinsk (Russian) meteor impact back in mid-February 2013 which injured about 1,500 people. Birdman was actually filmed in the spring of 2013 immediately following the Russian meteor. It also coincided with the exit period of Pope Benedict XVI (Feb 11-28, 2013)...
Feb 11, 2013 Pope Benedict XVI announces resignation Feb 15, 2013 Major meteor impact in Russia Feb 28 Benedict XVI steps down as pope Mar 13, 2013 Francis (Jorge Bergoglio) elected pope
...celestially marked very precisely by a (pentagonal) "Orange/Golden Apple Alignment" or a Venus-Sun-Mercury alignment. (What is a Golden Apple Alignment?)
Another similarly pentagonal Orange/Golden Apple Alignment pinpointed this years' Oscars (Feb 22, 2015) where Birdman was a big winner. (See here for more on this Golden Apple Alignment.)
The Theory of Everything, a story about the renowned physicist Stephen Hawking, was another big winner at the Oscars. "Stephen" means "crown" and "Hawking" is "hawk-king". That would be Horus, a hawk/falcon-headed ancient Egyptian deity, the son of Osiris and Isis, who was embodied by ancient Egyptian kings.
And look, Horus is... "Birdman"!
In this context the lowercase "i" in the otherwise uppercase BiRDMAN logo stands out and becomes meaningful, as putting together "Horus" and "i" gives us "i of Horus" or "Eye of Horus". You may also know it (more or less) as the notorious "All-Seeing Eye"...
Now, unbeknownst to most, the Eye of Horus was subtly present in the mission patch of NASA's Deep Impact mission (2005). As I decoded it before:
It was a comet mission, actually impacting Comet Tempel-1, thus the name "Deep Impact" which alludes to the 1998 comet doom movie...
...thereby resonating back with Birdman/Oscars and Russian meteor impact. Quite ominous stuff. And there is a time sequence involved as well...
[For the rest see Super Torch Ritual Underground - subscribe now]
Not much is know about the caravel, where and when built unknown. Tonnage 200 ton, dim. 85 x 25 x 14ft. (draught) Four masts, fore and main mast square rigged, mizzen and Bonaventura mast lateen rigged.
She was the flagship of Don Pedro de Mendoza (1487-1537) expedition to the River Plata. Mendoza held a post in the court of Charles V, when he in 1534 made an offer to Emperor Charles V to make an expedition on his own account for the discovery and conquest of Paraguay and the countries on the Rio La Plata. 24 August 1534 Mendoza on board the MAGDALENA and 13 other vessels, with 3000 men set sail from San Lucar, Spain. Receive from the Emperor before sailing 2.000 ducats, with the condition, when he transported to the new founded colonies 1000 colonists and 100 horses, build a road to the Pacific Ocean, erect three forts within two years he would receive 2.000 ducats more. Also he had to take 8 monks, a physician, a surgeon, and an apothecary, but he was forbidden to introduce a lawyer in the colony. He was to have half the treasure of the chiefs killed and nine-tenths of the ransom. Mendoza was made before sailing military governor of all the territory between the Rio de la Plata and the Strait of Magellan. The office of the Governor was also made hereditary.
Off the coast of Brazil the fleet was scattered in a heavy storm, and Medoza lieutenant Osario, was assassinated, according to some authorities by the orders of Mendoza himself because of suspected disloyalty. 1535 Mendoza sailed up the Rio de la Plata, and founded Buenos Aires on 02 February 1536. He erected two forts there to defend the place. Pestilence broke out and the natives became unfriendly after ill treatment by the Spaniards. His brother Don Diego led a force against the hostile tribes, but was killed with three-fourths of his men. A general conspiracy of the natives was formed, and Buenos Aires was captured and burned by the natives. Mendoza retired to the forth Sanctus-Spiritus, from where he dispatched Juan de Ayolas to explore the upper part of the river. Another brother, Gonzalo arrived with reinforcements and founded the city of Ascención in Paraguay in 1536. Mendoza, disappointed and with a broken health, embarked on board the MAGDALENA for Spain in 1537, leaving Juan de Ayolas in charge. During the long voyage to Spain he died maniac on board the MAGDALENA on 23 June 1537.