Lion of Saint Mark

The Lion of Saint Mark, representing the evangelist St Mark, pictured in the form of a winged lion,^[1] is the symbol of the city of Venice and formerly of theRepublic of Venice. It appears also in both merchant and military naval flags of the Italian Republic. The Lion of Saint Mark is also the symbol of the award of the Venice Film Festival, the "Golden Lion", and of the insurance company Assicurazioni Generali.

Other elements often included in depections of the lion include a halo over his head, a book, and a sword in its paws.

[edit] St Mark and Venice

Venetian tradition states that when St. Mark was traveling through Europe, he arrived at a lagoon in Venice, where an angel appeared to him and said "Pax tibi Marce, evangelista meus. Hic requiescet corpus tuum." (May Peace be with you, Mark, my evangelist. Here your body will rest.) This (possibly apocryphal) tradition was used as justification by Rustico da Torcello and Bon da Malamocco^[2] in 828^[3] for stealing the remains of St. Mark from his grave in Alexandria,^[4] and moving them to Venice, where they were eventually interred in the Basilica of St. Mark.^[5]

[edit] Symbolism

St Mark, represented as a lion, is a typical Christian iconography derived from the prophetic visions contained in the verse of the Apocalypse of St John 4: 7. The lion is one of the four living creatures described in the book as a place around the throne of the Almighty and they are chosen as symbols of the four evangelists. These "beings" were previously described by the prophet Ezekiel.

The lion is associated with Mark as a function of the words with which he began his Gospel with reference to St John the Baptist: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, Son of God."

As it is written with the prophet Isaiah: "Behold, I send my messenger ahead of you, he will prepare your way."

The voice of the one who cries in the wilderness: "Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight his paths." (Gospel according to Mark 1:1–3)

John the Baptist wore in the Christian imagination a lion's skin and the evangelic phrase of the voice crying in the wilderness echoes the idea of a roar in the desert.

The lion also symbolizes the power of the Evangelist's word, the wings symbolize the spiritual elevation, while the halo is the traditional Christian symbol of holiness.

However, the lion symbols express also the significance of majesty and power (drawn especially from the upward feline tail), while the book expresses the concepts of wisdom and peace and the halo gives an image of religious piety. The sword, in addition to the meaning

There are many symbolic interpretations with the possible combination of sword and book:

• An open book is a symbol of the state's sovereignty (many depictions are of doges kneeling before such representation);
• A closed book, however, is considered as a symbol of a delegated sovereignty, and hence the public courts;
• An open book (and the sword on the ground is not visible) is popularly considered as a symbol of peace for the state of Venice, but this is not corroborated by any historical source;
• A closed book and a drawn sword are popular but mistakenly considered as a symbol of the state in war;
• Finally, an open book and a sword are considered as a symbol of public justice.

However, these interpretations are not universally accepted as the Republic of Venice (Serenissima) never codified its symbols. Rare, but are presented, are also depictions of the lion without a book or a sword and sometimes without the halo (especially in a representation of a statue).

In some depictions the lion rests his front paws on the ground, often in cities with rivers or in ones close to water, indicating the Venetian balanced power on land and sea.

[edit] Gallery

• 

  Flag of the Republic of Venice

• 

  1651 map depicting the Lion of St Mark overCrete

• 

  Medal for the conquestof the Morea byFrancesco Morosini

• 

  Flag of the Republic of San Marco (1848)

• 

  Jack of the Italian Navy

• 

  Flag of the VenetoRegion

• 

  Arms of Oberickelsheim

• 

  Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul I

• 

  Arms of Marxzell

• 

  Arms of Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde

• 

  Flag of the Septinsular Republic

[edit] References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_of_Saint_Mark