Are Singularities Real?

By Sabine Hossenfelder on Wed, 09 Dec 2015

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It’s hard to imagine infinity: something that is, by definition, larger than everything you can imagine. Physicists have to deal with the unimaginable every day, and have the tools to do so. But does their math describe reality?

Mathematicians have found a way to pack infinity into manageable equations and theorems as part of a class of mathematical oddities called “singularities.” To a mathematician, a singularity is simply a point where a function breaks down, as 1/x does when x gets close to zero. The defining property of a singular point is that it’s impossible to predict what happens beyond it. But are the singularities in mathematicians’ equations just an abstract concept? Or do they occur in nature?

The word “singularity” was popularized in a 2005 book by Ray Kurzweil, who uses it to refer to an impending revolution in artificial intelligence (AI). According to Kurzweil, once artificial intelligences become smart enough to improve their own kin, a feedback loop will lead to a runaway process. After that, all bets are off: nobody knows what will happen. But Kurzweil’s technological singularity, if it comes to pass, is not a true singularity. There is no law of nature that limits our ability to predict what might happen once AI evolves past the “singularity” point; we’re confined instead by the limits of the human mind.

Though they sound exotic, mathematical singularities are actually common in solutions to all but the simplest equations in physics. The formation of shock waves and cracks, and even the motion of a billiard ball bouncing off a hard wall, can contain singularities. While these singularities fulfill the mathematical definition, they aren’t physically real either: they arise from idealized assumptions that physicists make to force the messy world of reality into the neat one of mathematics. In reality, no crack is perfectly sharp, no wall is perfectly hard, no shock wave is perfectly localized.

Here is another example: Turn down the water on your kitchen tap until it starts dripping. The hydrodynamical equation describing the surface of the drops has a singularity at the pinching point: you cannot from one drop predict where the next will be. But this singularity, too, can be avoided by applying a more suitable theory. Using atomic physics, you could, in principle, calculate exactly how the water stream breaks apart on the level of single atoms. All these singularities are thus artifacts of using a theory outside its range of applicability, on distances so short that a more precise theory would be needed.

The one type of singularity that might be real—that physicists don’t know how to resolve—is the one that appears in Einstein’s theory of General Relativity when matter collapses under the gravitational pull of its own weight. There is nothing in General Relativity that then stands in the way of this collapse. It will continue until all the matter is located at a single point of infinite matter density and infinite space-time curvature: a singularity.

The singularities that appear inside black holes pose a big problem for physicists. Crossing a black hole’s event horizon is like jumping into a river upstream of a waterfall, at a place where the water flows faster than you can swim. Whatever you do, you’ll end up being pulled down the waterfall. Likewise, whatever falls into a black hole is pulled down into the singularity. And once there, it reaches its end.

At the black hole singularity every particle’s path seems to dead-end. Space-time stops at the singularity, and nobody knows what happens at this point.  Yet we cannot imagine how something can just end. The black hole space-time is for this reason referred to as “incomplete,” but in General Relativity there is no way to complete it. This is the origin of the black hole information loss problem: It is the horizon that makes the information irretrievable, but it is the singularity that ultimately annihilates it. This is a big headache for physicists because such annihilation of information is incompatible with quantum mechanics.

The Big Bang is a singularity, too. If you run the expansion of the universe which we observe today backwards, then the density of matter must have been larger the younger the universe was, all the way back to an initial moment where the density must have been infinitely high: it must have been singular.

Are these singularities real, or just vestiges of the gap between math and reality? Based on their experience with other systems, physicists suspect that the singularities in General Relativity are a warning, a tip-off that we need another theory to describe the physics in the extreme situations when gravity is very strong and its quantum effects are very large. Physicists still don’t know how to describe the quantum effects of gravity, but we hope that by doing so we will one day resolve the singularities.

None of our measuring devices can show an infinite value. Not only have we never observed it, we don’t know how to observe it—we don’t know how to even give meaning to such an observation. Physicists therefore treat singularities as symptoms of an ill theory in need of a cure. It would be possible to mathematically deal with the singularities. But based on past experience and intuition, for all we know so far, nature doesn’t like sudden ends. Does nature make an exception for black holes? Right now, we just don’t know.

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Author and editor’s picks for further reading

Ask a Physicist: What are singularities? Do they exist in nature?
An accessible explanation of singularities in math and physics, from water whirlpools to black holes.

arXiv: Singularity Theorems in General Relativity: Achievements and Open Questions
In this technical paper, theoretical physicist José M.M. Senovilla explores how physicists have understood the singularities in Einstein’s theory over the last century.

Inside Science: Black Hole Cores May Not Be Infinitely Dense
A theory of quantum gravity called loop quantum gravity could eliminate the singularities inside black holes and at the moment of the Big Bang.

"El terremoto del océano Índico de 2004, conocido por la comunidad científica como el terremoto de Sumatra-Andamán, fue un terremoto submarino que ocurrió a las 00:58 UTC, o 07:58 en el tiempo local de la región del domingo 26 de diciembre de 2004 (21:58 hora costa del Pacífico Oeste del sábado 25 de diciembre de 2004), con epicentro en la costa del oeste de Sumatra, Indonesia. El terremoto ocasionó una serie de tsunamis devastadores a lo largo de las costas de la mayoría de los países que bordean el océano Índico, matando a una gran cantidad de personas a su paso e inundando a una gran cantidad de comunidades costeras a través de casi todo el sur y sureste de Asia, incluyendo partes de Indonesia, Malasia, Sri Lanka, India, y Tailandia. Aunque las estimaciones iniciales habían determinado el número de muertes en más de 275.000, sin contar a los millares de personas desaparecidas, un análisis más reciente generado por las Naciones Unidas deja a un total de 229.866 pérdidas humanas, incluyendo 186.983 muertos y 42.883 personas desaparecidas"


Terremoto del océano Índico de 2004 - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre


MADRUGADA DEL DOMINGO 12/26 2004 -earthquake (9.3) + tsunami ÍNDICO
December 26, 2004 at 00 hours 58 minutes (Universal Time)



TARDE-NOCHE DEL LUNES 12/27 2004 
Gamma ray burst arrival: 
December 27, 2004 at 21 hours 36 minutes (Universal Time)

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SGR1806 cerca de Sagitario (Centro de la Galaxia) - un "magnetar"





BBC Report - BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Huge 'star-quake' rocks Milky Way
Huge 'star-quake' rocks Milky Way
"Astronomers say they have been stunned by the amount of energy released in a star explosion on the far side of our galaxy, 50,000 light-years away.
The flash of radiation on 27 December was so powerful that it bounced off the Moon and lit up the Earth's atmosphere.

The blast occurred on the surface of an exotic kind of star - a super-magnetic neutron star called SGR 1806-20.

If the explosion had been within just 10 light-years, Earth could have suffered a mass extinction, it is said.


This is a once-in-a-lifetime event 
Dr Rob Fender, Southampton University
"We figure that it's probably the biggest explosion observed by humans within our galaxy since Johannes Kepler saw his supernova in 1604," Dr Rob Fender, of Southampton University, UK, told the BBC News website.

One calculation has the giant flare on SGR 1806-20 unleashing about 10,000 trillion trillion trillion watts.

"This is a once-in-a-lifetime event. We have observed an object only 20km across, on the other side of our galaxy, releasing more energy in a 10th of a second than the Sun emits in 100,000 years," said Dr Fender"


Brightest galactic flash ever detected hits Earth, one day earlier Indonesia had EQ of M 9.3 and deadly tsunamy , new supernova in M95 March 2012
"SGR 1806-20

On December 27, 2004, the radiation from an explosion on the surface of SGR 1806-20 reached Earth.[2] In terms of gamma rays, the burst had an absolute magnitude around −291. It was the brightest event known to have been sighted on this planet from an origin outside our solar system. The gamma rays struck the ionosphere and created more ionization, which briefly expanded the ionosphere. The magnetar released more energy in one-tenth of a second (1.3×1039 J) than our sun has released in 100,000 years (4×1026 W × 3.2×1012 s = 1.3×1039 J). Such a burst is thought to be the largest explosion observed by humans in the galaxy since the SN 1604 supernova observed by Johannes Kepler in 1604.

A similar blast within 3 parsecs (10 light years) of Earth would destroy the ozone layer and would be similar in effect to a 12 kt of TNT (50 TJ) nuclear blast at 7.5 km. The nearest known magnetar to earth is 1E 1048.1-5937, located 9,000 light-years away in the constellation "

Cosmic Explosion Among the Brightest in Recorded History
NASA - Cosmic Explosion Among the Brightest in Recorded History




GAMMA RAY BURST
Gamma Ray Bursts, Earthquakes, and Galactic Gravity Waves

"It is then with some alarm that we learn that just 44.6 hours later gamma ray telescopes orbiting the Earth picked up the arrival of the brightest gamma ray burst ever recorded!"

" Astronomers have theorized that gamma ray bursts might travel in association with gravity wave bursts. In the course of their flight through space, gamma rays would be deflected by gravitational fields and would be scattered by dust and cosmic ray particles they encountered, so they would be expected to travel slightly slower than their associated gravity wave burst which would pass through space unimpeded. After a 45,000 year light-speed journey, a gamma ray burst arrival delay of 44.6 hours would not be unexpected. It amounts to a delay of just one part in 9 million. So if the gravity wave traveled at the speed of light (c), the gamma ray burst would have averaged a speed of 0.99999989 c, just 0.11 millionths slower. There is also the possibility that at the beginning of its journey the gravity wave may have had a superluminal speed; see textbox below."


" The 9.3 Richter earthquake was ten times stronger than any other earthquake during the past 25 years, and was followed just 44.6 hours later on December 27th by a very intense gamma ray burst, which was 100 fold brighter than any other in the past 25 year history of gamma ray observation. It seems difficult to pass off the temporal proximity of these two Class I events as being just a matter of coincidence. A time period of 25 years compared to a time separation of 44.6 hours amounts to a time ratio of about 5000:1. For two such unique events to have such a close time proximity is highly improbable if they are not somehow related. But, as mentioned above, gravity waves would very likely be associated with gamma ray bursts, and they would be expected to precede them.

Many have inquired if there might be a connection between these two events (e.g., see the Space.com article). Not thinking of the gravity wave connection, astronomers have been reluctant to admit there might be a connection since they know of no mechanism by which gamma rays by themselves could trigger earthquakes. They admit that the December 27th gamma ray burst had slightly affected the ionization state of the Earth's atmosphere, but this by itself should not have caused earthquakes. However, if a longitudinal gravity potential wave pulse were to accompany a gamma ray burst, the mystery becomes resolved. The connection between earthquakes and gamma ray bursts now becomes plausible.

In his 1983 Ph.D. dissertation, Paul LaViolette called attention to terrestrial dangers of Galactic core explosions, pointing out that the arrival of the cosmic ray superwave they produced would be signaled by a high intensity gamma ray burst which would also generate EMP effects (e.g., see Page 3). He also noted that a strong gravity wave might be expected to travel forward at the forefront of this superwave and might be the first indication of a superwave's arrival. He pointed out that such gravity waves could induce substantial tidal forces on the Earth during their passage which could induce earthquakes and cause polar axis torquing effects. "



Un Mapa Galactico

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Evgeny Podkletnov

Eugene Podkletnov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Superluminal Gravity Wave?
Experiments carried out by Eugene Podkletnov show that a shock front outburst produces a longitudinal gravitational wave that travels forward with the burst. He has found that this gravity wave pulse has a speed in excess of 64 times the speed of light (personal communication). Also Guy Obolensky has produced spark discharge electric potential shock fronts and observed them to propagate forward at speeds as high as 10 times the speed of light. Observations suggest that the gravity wave from an expanding stellar explosion will decrease its superluminal speed and eventually approach the speed of light as the shock front expands. But meanwhile, the gravity wave will have obtained a headstart over the electromagnetic wave radiation component traveling in its wake (light waves, gamma rays, etc.). So one would expect that the gravity wave from such an outburst (and its resultant earthquake activity) would precede the gamma ray burst component."



DARK RIFT - lengua de fuego - Dragón

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A ver si Indigo puede mostrarnos algo relacionado desde la óptica esotérica.

¿Algún código diferenciando "gravity wave" y "gamma ray burst"? 

Como hemos expuesto en reiteradas ocasiones el color purpura real es la representacion esoterica de los rayos gamma, el fuego del dragon que proviene de la constelacion del Draco. 
Los experimentos de Evgeny Podkletnov dejan claro que la velocidad de la luz no es la maxima velocidad conocida ni mucho menos, la onda gravitacional y su supervelocidad es clave para entender como una mega explosion en el centro de la galaxia podria llegar en poco tiempo a nuestro sistema solar, si en laboratorios se calcularon 64 veces mas que la luz, seguramente la potencia del dragon genere unas cuantas veces mas que 64 x 300.000 kms.




La onda gravitacional es perpendicular a la luz, o sea en este caso los rayos gamma, como he sugerido anteriormente puede se que sea uno de los significados de la escuadra Masonica junto a la polarizacion gravitacional en la escencia fisica atomica.

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Los pies del niño encriptan la escuadra Masonica - 90 grados 

Ondas electromagneticas perpendicualares como la base para entender la antigravedad


Anti-gravity

Como Newton usa la manzana la fisica que siempre corre atras del esoterismo tambien utiliza la figura del gato.



Gato de Schrödinger - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre


La propuesta

Schrödinger plantea un sistema formado por una caja cerrada y opaca que contiene un gato, una botella de gas venenoso y un dispositivo que contiene una partícula radiactiva con una probabilidad del 50% de desintegrarse en un tiempo dado, de manera que si la partícula se desintegra, el veneno se libera y el gato muere.
Al terminar el tiempo establecido, hay una probabilidad del 50% de que el dispositivo se haya activado y el gato esté muerto, y la misma probabilidad de que el dispositivo no se haya activado y el gato esté vivo. Según los principios de la mecánica cuántica, la descripción correcta del sistema en ese momento (su función de onda) será el resultado de la superposición de los estados "vivo" y "muerto" (a su vez descritos por su función de onda). Sin embargo, una vez abramos la caja para comprobar el estado del gato, éste estará vivo o muerto.
Ahí radica la paradoja. Mientras que en la descripción clásica del sistema el gato estará vivo o muerto antes de que abramos la caja y comprobemos su estado, en la mecánica cuántica el sistema se encuentra en una superposición de los estados posibles hasta que interviene el observador. El paso de una superposición de estados a un estado definido se produce como consecuencia del proceso de medida, y no puede predecirse el estado final del sistema: sólo la probabilidad de obtener cada resultado. La naturaleza del proceso sigue siendo una incógnita, que ha dado lugar a distintas interpretaciones de carácter especulativo.
La paradoja ha sido objeto de gran controversia tanto científica como filosófica, al punto que Stephen Hawking ha dicho: «cada vez que escucho hablar de ese gato, empiezo a sacar mi pistola», aludiendo al suicidio cuántico, una variante del experimento de Schrödinger.[cita requerida]

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Lo que impresiona de la nebulosa del ojo de Gato es que se pueden apreciar las ondas gravitacionales atravesadas por la luz en forma perpendicular.



En la física, las ondas gravitacionales son ondulaciones teóricos en la curvatura del espacio-tiempo que se propaga como una onda, viajando hacia el exterior de la fuente. Supone ha de existir por Albert Einstein en 1916 sobre la base de su teoría de la relatividad general [1], la energía gravitacional de transporte, como las ondas de radiación gravitatoria. Las fuentes de ondas gravitacionales, posiblemente, podría incluir sistemas de estrellas binarias compuestas de las enanas blancas, estrellas de neutrones o agujeros negros. 


La polarización electromagnética es un fenómeno que puede producirse en las ondas electromagnéticas, como la luz, por el cual el campo eléctrico oscila sólo en un plano determinado, denominado plano de polarización. Este plano puede definirse por dos vectores, uno de ellos paralelo a la dirección de propagación de la onda y otro perpendicular a esa misma dirección el cual indica la dirección del campo eléctrico.
En una onda electromagnética no polarizada, al igual que en cualquier otro tipo de onda transversal sin polarizar, el campo eléctrico oscila en todas las direcciones normales a la dirección de propagación de la onda. Las ondas longitudinales, como las ondas sonoras, no pueden ser polarizadas porque su oscilación se produce en la misma dirección que su propagación.


Aquí IP, 2ψ y 2χ son las coordenadas esféricas del estado de polarización en el espacio tridimensional de los últimos tres parámetros de Stokes. Obsérvense los factores de dos antes ψ y χ correspondientes respectivamente a los hechos de que cualquier elipse de polarización es indistinguible de una rotación en 180 °, o una con las longitudes de semi-eje intercambiadas acompañados por una rotación de 90 °. Los parámetros de Stokes a veces se denota I, Q, U y V. 






Polarización por birrefringencia
Artículo principal: Birrefringencia.


Birrefringencia en un cristal de calcita.
La birrefringencia o doble refracción es una propiedad de ciertos cuerpos, como el espato de Islandia, de desdoblar un rayo de luz incidente en dos rayos linealmente polarizados de manera perpendicular entre sí como si el material tuviera dos índices de refracción distintos.

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La calcita el codigo coralino de Coral-ine, su estructura rombic singular y el triangulo de las bermudas.

En fin podemos profundizar en el conocimiento cientifico detras de estos conceptos hacia su infinita complejidad, de cualquier forma yo prefiero ver el bosque y no centrar la atencion en el arbol, usando nuestra percepcion, la verdadera inteligencia.





Representación bidimensional de las ondas gravitacionales generadas por dos estrellas de neutrones orbitan entre sí.

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Que tenemos ? los espirales 96 

Cuando se fusionen y exploten las ondas gravitacionales se van a polarizar, ly se trasladaran a supervelocidades a traves de la galaxia creando el caos del Cisne que pone los huevos, o sea la constelacion del Cisne arriba de Casiopea y la Osa Mayor.

Casualmente hay una teoria del Caos llamada el Cisne negro.

Black swan theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

La identificación de un caso de cisne negro

Con base en los criterios del autor:
El evento es una sorpresa (para el observador).
El evento tiene un gran impacto.
Después de su primera grabación, el evento se racionaliza en retrospectiva, como si se podría haber esperado (por ejemplo, los datos pertinentes estaba disponible, pero no se contabilizan).
Un ejemplo de Taleb utiliza para explicar su teoría era de los acontecimientos del 11 de septiembre de 2001. 9/11 fue un shock para todos los observadores comunes, y sus ramificaciones son hasta el día de sentir en el aumento del nivel de seguridad y la adopción de los ataques "preventivos" o las guerras por los gobiernos occidentales. Un ataque coordinado y exitoso en el World Trade Center y el Pentágono, utilizando aviones comerciales era prácticamente impensable en ese momento. Sin embargo, con el beneficio de la retrospectiva, se ha llegado a ser visto como un incidente previsible en el contexto de los cambios en las tácticas terroristas.

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Recordemos tambien la pelicula con la actriz Israeli Natali Portman y su cara que nos recuerda al huevo resquebrajado.

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Leda atomica de Dali - levitando - ingravidez - escuadra Masonica - polarizacion - Cisne y huevo roto - sombra a 60 grados.